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Paul McCartney

Paul McCartney

McCartney with his Höfner bass on stage in England in 2010
Background information
Birth name James Paul McCartney
Born 18 June 1942 (1942-06-18) (age 69)
Liverpool, England, UK
Genres Rock, pop, psychedelic rock, experimental rock, hard rock, rock and roll, classical music
Occupations Musician, composer, producer, multi-instrumentalist, film producer, painter, activist, businessman
Instruments Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, piano, organ, mellotron, keyboards, drums, ukulele, mandolin, recorder
Years active 1957–present
Labels Hear, Apple, Parlophone, Capitol, Columbia, Concord, EMI, One Little Indian, Vee-Jay
Associated acts The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Wings, The Fireman, Linda McCartney, John Lennon, Denny Laine
Website www.paulmccartney.com

Notable instruments
Höfner 500/1
Rickenbacker 4001S
Gibson Les Paul
Epiphone Texan
Epiphone Casino
Fender Esquire
Fender Jazz Bass
Yamaha BB1200 Bass
Wal 5-String Bass
Martin D-28

Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of The Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), McCartney is listed in Guinness World Records as the "most successful musician and composer in popular music history", with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million singles in the United Kingdom alone.

McCartney gained worldwide fame as a member of The Beatles, alongside John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. McCartney and Lennon formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships and wrote some of the most popular songs in the history of rock music. After leaving The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.

BBC News Online readers named McCartney the "greatest composer of the millennium". According to the BBC, his Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists — more than any other song in the history of recorded music. Since its 1965 release it has been played more than 7,000,000 times on American television and radio. Wings' 1977 single "Mull of Kintyre" became the first single to sell more than two million copies in the United Kingdom and remains the UK's top selling non-charity single. Based on the 93 weeks his compositions have spent at the top spot of the UK chart, and 24 number one singles to his credit, McCartney is the most successful songwriter in UK singles chart history. As a performer or songwriter, McCartney was responsible for 31 number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States, and has sold 15.5 million RIAA certified albums in the United States alone.

McCartney has composed film scores, classical and electronic music, released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist, and has taken part in projects to help international charities. He is an advocate for animal rights, for vegetarianism, and for music education; he is active in campaigns against landmines, seal hunting, and Third World debt. He is a keen football fan, supporting both Everton and Liverpool football clubs. His company MPL Communications owns the copyrights to more than 3,000 songs, including all songs written by Buddy Holly, along with the publishing rights to such musicals as Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease. McCartney is one of the UK's wealthiest people, with an estimated fortune of £475 million in 2010.

Contents
1 Childhood
2 Musical career
2.1 1957–1960
2.2 1960–1970: The Beatles
2.3 Since 1970
3 Creative outlets
3.1 Electronic music
3.2 Film
3.3 Painting
3.4 Writing and poetry
4 Contact with fellow ex-Beatles
4.1 John Lennon
4.2 George Harrison
5 Personal relationships
5.1 Dot Rhone
5.2 Jane Asher
5.3 Linda McCartney
5.4 Heather Mills
5.5 Nancy Shevell
6 Lifestyle
6.1 Drugs
6.2 Meditation
6.3 Activism
6.4 Football
7 Business
8 Critique, recognition and achievements
9 Discography
10 Tours
11 Arms
12 References

Childhood
Main article: Jim and Mary McCartney
McCartney was born in Walton Hospital in Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary (née Mohin), had worked as a nurse in the maternity ward. He has one brother, Michael, born 7 January 1944. McCartney was baptised as a Roman Catholic but was raised non-denominationally: his mother was Roman Catholic and his father James, or "Jim" McCartney, was a Protestant turned agnostic.

In 1947, he began attending Stockton Wood Road Primary School. He then attended the Joseph Williams Junior School and passed the 11-plus exam in 1953 with three others out of the 90 examinees, thus gaining admission to the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, while taking the bus from his home in the suburb of Speke to the Institute, he met George Harrison, who lived nearby. Passing the exam meant that McCartney and Harrison could go to a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school, which the majority of pupils attended until they were eligible to work, but as grammar school pupils, they had to find new friends.

20 Forthlin Road now attracts large numbers of tourists.In 1955, the McCartney family moved to 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. Mary McCartney rode a bicycle to houses where she was needed as a midwife, and an early McCartney memory is of her leaving when it was snowing heavily. On 31 October 1956, Mary McCartney died of an embolism after a mastectomy operation to stop the spread of her breast cancer. The early loss of his mother later connected McCartney with John Lennon, whose mother Julia died after being struck by a car when Lennon was 17.

McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist who had led Jim Mac's Jazz Band in the 1920s and encouraged his two sons to be musical. Jim had an upright piano in the front room that he had bought from Epstein's North End Music Stores. McCartney's grandfather, Joe McCartney, played an E-flat tuba. Jim McCartney used to point out the different instruments in songs on the radio, and often took McCartney to local brass band concerts. McCartney's father gave him a nickel-plated trumpet, but when skiffle music became popular, McCartney swapped the trumpet for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar. As he was left-handed, McCartney found right-handed guitars difficult to play, but when he saw a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert, he realised that Whitman played left-handed with his guitar strung the opposite way to a right-handed player. McCartney wrote his first song ("I Lost My Little Girl") on the Zenith, and also played his father's Framus Spanish guitar when writing early songs with Lennon. He later learned to play the piano and wrote his second song, "When I'm Sixty-Four". On his father's advice, he took music lessons, but since he preferred to learn 'by ear' he never paid much attention to them.

McCartney was heavily influenced by American Rhythm and Blues music. He has stated that Little Richard was his idol when he was in school and that the first song he ever sang in public was "Long Tall Sally", at a Butlins holiday camp talent competition.

Musical careerMain article: Paul McCartney's musical career
1957–1960At the age of 15, McCartney met John Lennon and The Quarrymen at the St. Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton on 6 July 1957. He formed a close working relationship with Lennon and they collaborated writing many songs. Harrison joined the group in early 1958 as lead guitarist, followed in early 1960 by Lennon's art school friend, Stuart Sutcliffe on bass. By May 1960, they had tried several new names, including "Johnny and the Moondogs" and "The Silver Beetles", playing a tour of Scotland under that name with Johnny Gentle. They finally changed the name of the group to "The Beatles" in mid-August 1960 and recruited Pete Best at short notice to become their drummer for an imminent engagement in Hamburg.

1960–1970: The Beatles
McCartney (left) in 1964 with Beatles bandmates George Harrison and John LennonFrom August 1960, The Beatles were booked by Allan Williams, to perform at a club in Hamburg. During extended stays over the next two years, The Beatles performed as a resident group in a number of Hamburg clubs. On returns to Liverpool they played at the Cavern club. Prior to the end of the residency, Sutcliffe left the band, so McCartney, reluctantly, became The Beatles' bass player. The Beatles recorded their first published musical material in Hamburg, performing as the backing group for Tony Sheridan on the single "My Bonnie". This recording later brought the Beatles to the attention of a key figure in their subsequent development and commercial success, Brian Epstein, who became their next manager. Epstein eventually negotiated a record contract for the group with Parlophone in May 1962. After replacing Best with Ringo Starr on drums, The Beatles became popular in the UK in 1963 and in the US in 1964. In 1965, they were each appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). After performing concerts, plays, and tours almost non-stop for a period of nearly four years, and giving more than one thousand four hundred live performances internationally, The Beatles gave their last commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour. They continued to work in the recording studio from 1966 until their break-up in 1970. In the eight years from 1962 to 1970, the group had released twenty-four UK singles and twelve studio albums, often released in different configurations in the USA and other countries (see discography). In late 1966, there was a hoax called "Paul is dead" saying that McCartney had died in a car crash. The hoax was proven false in 1969 when the front cover of a magazine said "Paul is Still With Us."

Since 1970
McCartney during a Wings concert, 1976After the break-up of The Beatles, McCartney continued his musical career, in solo work as well as in collaborations with other musicians. After releasing his solo album McCartney in 1970, he worked with Linda McCartney to record the album Ram in 1971. Later the same year, the pair were joined by guitarist Denny Laine and drummer Denny Seiwell to form the group Wings, which was active between 1971 and 1981 and released numerous successful singles and albums (see Wings discography). McCartney also collaborated with a number of other popular artists including Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Eric Stewart, and Elvis Costello. In 1985, McCartney played "Let It Be" at the Live Aid concert in London, backed by Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend, David Bowie, and Alison Moyet.

Initially Australia was to be included in the 1989 world tour but McCartney decided to play extra shows in America. On the 1993 (New World Tour), McCartney toured Australia extensively; this was his third and most recent tour of Australia. A proposed further tour to Australia in 2002 was cancelled after the Bali Bombings claiming that touring after the bombings would be insensitive.

In 1989, he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders including Gerry Marsden of Gerry and the Pacemakers and Holly Johnson of Frankie Goes to Hollywood to record a new version of Ferry Cross the Mersey (originally recorded 25 years earlier by Gerry and the Pacemakers) to generate money for the appeal fund of the Hillsborough disaster, which occurred on 15 April that year and in which 96 Liverpool F.C. fans died as a result of their injuries.

The 1990s saw McCartney venture into orchestral music, and in 1991 the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by McCartney to celebrate its sesquicentennial.

He collaborated with Carl Davis to release Liverpool Oratorio; involving the opera singers Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White, with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral. The Prince of Wales later honoured McCartney as a Fellow of The Royal College of Music and Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music (2008). Other forays into classical music included Standing Stone (1997), Working Classical (1999), Ecce Cor Meum (2006), and "Ocean's Kingdom" (2011). It was announced in the 1997 New Year Honours that McCartney was to be knighted for services to music, becoming Sir Paul McCartney. In 1999, McCartney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist and in May 2000, he was awarded a Fellowship by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. The 1990s also saw McCartney, Harrison, and Starr working together on Apple's The Beatles Anthology documentary series.

Having witnessed the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, McCartney took a lead role in organising The Concert for New York City. In November 2002, on the first anniversary of George Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George. He has also participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing in the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX.

McCartney and Ringo Starr promoting The Beatles: Rock Band in 2009.
McCartney performing in Dublin, Ireland, on 12 June 2010McCartney has continued to work in the realms of popular and classical music, touring the world and performing at a large number of concerts and events; on more than one occasion he has performed again with Ringo Starr. In 2008, he received a BRIT award for Outstanding Contribution to Music and an honorary degree, Doctor of Music, from Yale University. The same year, he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture. In 2009, he received two nominations for the 51st annual Grammy awards, while in October of the same year he was named songwriter of the year at the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Awards. On 15 July 2009, more than 45 years after The Beatles first appeared on American television on The Ed Sullivan Show, McCartney returned to the Ed Sullivan Theater to perform on Late Show with David Letterman. McCartney was portrayed in the 2009 film Nowhere Boy, about Lennon's teenage years, by Thomas Sangster.

On 2 June 2010, McCartney was honoured by Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music in a live show for the White House with performances by Stevie Wonder, Lang Lang and many others.

McCartney's enduring popularity has helped him schedule performances in new venues. He played three sold out concerts at newly-built Citi Field in Queens, New York (built to replace the iconic Shea Stadium) on 17, 18, and 21 July 2009. On 27 June 2010, McCartney did a benefit concert at Hyde Park for the Born HIV Free foundation. On 18 August 2010, McCartney opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. On 15-16 July 2011, McCartney performed the first concerts at the new Yankee Stadium.

McCartney has been touring since 2001 with guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and drummer Abe Laboriel, Jr.

There are plans for an upcoming Paul McCartney tribute album with recordings of McCartney songs by Kiss, Garth Brooks, Billy Joel, B.B. King and others.

Paul McCartney will be honoured as MusiCares Person of the Year on 10 February 2012, two days prior to the 54th Grammy Awards.

Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, is to be released on 7 February 2012.

Creative outletsDuring the 1960s, McCartney was often seen at major cultural events, such as the launch party for the International Times and at The Roundhouse (28 January and 4 February 1967 respectively). He also delved into the visual arts, becoming a close friend of leading art dealers and gallery owners, explored experimental film, and regularly attended movie, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through John Dunbar, who introduced him to the art dealer Robert Fraser, who in turn introduced McCartney to an array of writers and artists. McCartney later became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London — John Lennon first met Yoko Ono at the Indica. The Indica Gallery brought McCartney into contact with Barry Miles, whose underground newspaper, the International Times, McCartney helped to start. Miles would become de facto manager of the Apple's short-lived Zapple Records label, and wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997).

While living at the Asher house, McCartney took piano lessons at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, which The Beatles' producer Martin had previously attended. McCartney studied composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luciano Berio. McCartney later wrote and released several pieces of modern classical music and ambient electronica, besides writing poetry and painting. McCartney is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, an arts school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys. The 1837 building, which McCartney attended during his schooldays, had become derelict by the mid-1980s. On 7 June 1996, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the redeveloped building.

Electronic musicAfter the recording of "Yesterday" in 1965, McCartney contacted the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in Maida Vale, London, to see if they could record an electronic version of the song, but never followed it up. When visiting John Dunbar's flat in London, McCartney would take along tapes he had compiled at Jane Asher's house. The tapes were mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that he had Dick James make into a demo record for him. Heavily influenced by John Cage, he made tape loops by recording voices, guitars, and bongoes on a Brenell tape recorder, and splicing the various loops together. He reversed the tapes, sped them up, and slowed them down to create the effects he wanted, some of which were later used on Beatles' recordings, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows". McCartney referred to the tapes as "electronic symphonies".

In the spring of 1966 McCartney rented a ground floor and basement flat from Ringo Starr at 34 Montagu Square, to be used as a small demo studio for spoken-word recordings by poets, writers (including William S. Burroughs) and avant-garde musicians. The Beatles' Apple Records then launched a sub-label, Zapple with Miles as its manager, ostensibly to release recordings of a similar aesthetic, although few releases would ultimately result as Apple and The Beatles slid into business and personal difficulties.

In 1995, McCartney recorded a radio series called "Oobu Joobu" for the American network Westwood One, which he described as being "wide-screen radio". During the 1990s, McCartney collaborated with Youth of Killing Joke under the name The Fireman, and released two ambient electronic albums: Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (1993) and Rushes (1998). In 2000, he released an album titled Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, utilising the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that fascinated him in the mid-1960s. In 2005, he worked on a project with bootleg producer and remixer Freelance Hellraiser, consisting of remixed versions of songs from throughout his solo career which were released under the title Twin Freaks. The Fireman's third album Electric Arguments was released on 25 November 2008. Unlike the first two Fireman albums, this one was more song-based in its structure. McCartney told L.A. Weekly in a January 2009, "Fireman is improvisational theatre ... I formalise it a bit to get it into the studio, and when I step up to a microphone, I have a vague idea of what I’m about to do. I usually have a song, and I know the melody and lyrics, and my performance is the only unknown."

FilmMcCartney was interested in animated films as a child, and later had the financial resources to ask Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song, in 1981. McCartney was the producer, he wrote the music and the script, and also added some of the character voices. McCartney wrote and starred in the 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street. The film and soundtrack featured the popular hit "No More Lonely Nights", and the album reached No.1 in the UK, but the film did not do well commercially or critically. Roger Ebert awarded the film a single star and wrote, "You can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the sound track." Dunbar worked again with McCartney on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, in 1992, which won both of them a Bafta award. They also worked on Tropic Island Hum, in 1997. In 1995, McCartney made a guest appearance in the "Lisa the Vegetarian", an episode of The Simpsons, and directed a short documentary about The Grateful Dead.

In May 2000, McCartney released Wingspan: An Intimate Portrait, a retrospective documentary that features behind-the-scenes films and photographs that Paul and Linda McCartney (who had died in 1998) took of their family and bands. Interspersed throughout the 88 minute film is an interview by Mary McCartney with her father. Mary was the baby photographed inside McCartney's jacket on the back cover of his first solo album, McCartney, and was one of the producers of the documentary.

PaintingIn 1966, McCartney met art gallery-owner Robert Fraser, whose flat was visited by many well-known artists. McCartney met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton there, and learned about art appreciation. McCartney later started buying paintings by Magritte, and used Magritte's painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo. He now owns Magritte's easel and spectacles.

McCartney's love of painting surfaced after watching artist Willem de Kooning paint, in Kooning's Long Island studio. McCartney took up painting in 1983. In 1999, he exhibited his paintings (featuring McCartney's portraits of John Lennon, Andy Warhol, and David Bowie) for the first time in Siegen, Germany, and included photographs by Linda. He chose the gallery because Wolfgang Suttner (local events organiser) was genuinely interested in his art, and the positive reaction led to McCartney showing his work in UK galleries. The first UK exhibition of McCartney's work was opened in Bristol, England with more than 50 paintings on display. McCartney had previously believed that "only people that had been to art school were allowed to paint" – as Lennon had.

In October 2000, Yoko Ono and McCartney presented art exhibitions in New York and London. McCartney said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet."

As an artist, Paul McCartney designed a series of six postage stamps issued by the Isle of Man Post on 1 July 2002. According to BBC News, McCartney seems to be the first major rock star in the world who is also known as a stamp designer.

Writing and poetryWhen McCartney was young, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books. McCartney's father was interested in crosswords and invited the two young McCartneys (Paul and his brother Michael) to solve them with him, so as to increase their "word power". McCartney was later inspired – in his school years – by Alan Durband, who was McCartney's English literature teacher at the Liverpool Institute. Durband was a co-founder and fund-raiser at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool, where Willy Russell also worked, and introduced McCartney to Geoffrey Chaucer's works. McCartney later took his A-level exams, but passed only one subject – Art.

In 2001 McCartney published 'Blackbird Singing', a volume of poems, some of which were lyrics to his songs, and gave readings in Liverpool and New York City. Some of them were serious: "Here Today" (about Lennon) and some humorous ("Maxwell's Silver Hammer"). In the foreword of the book, McCartney explained that when he was a teenager, he had "an overwhelming desire" to have a poem of his published in the school magazine. He wrote something "deep and meaningful", but it was rejected, and he feels that he has been trying to get some kind of revenge ever since. His first "real poem" was about the death of his childhood friend, Ivan Vaughan.

In October 2005, McCartney released a children's book called High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail. In a press release publicising the book, McCartney said, "I have loved reading for as long as I can remember", singling out Treasure Island as a childhood favourite. McCartney collaborated with author Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar to write the book.

Contact with fellow ex-BeatlesThis section is about social and other general interactions. For creative collaborations, see Collaborations between ex-Beatles.
John LennonAlthough McCartney's post-Beatles relationship with John Lennon was troubled, they became close again briefly in 1974 and even played together for the only time since The Beatles split (see A Toot and a Snore in '74). In later years, the two grew apart again. McCartney would often call Lennon, but was never sure of what sort of reception he would get, such as when McCartney once called Lennon and was told, "You're all pizza and fairytales!" McCartney understood that he could not just phone Lennon and only talk about business, so they often talked about cats, baking bread, or babies. According to May Pang, during Lennon's "Lost Weekend" with her they planned to visit McCartney in New Orleans, where McCartney was recording the Venus and Mars album, but Lennon went back to Ono the day before the planned visit after Ono said she had a new cure for Lennon's smoking habit.

In a 1980 interview, Lennon said that the last time he had seen McCartney was when they had watched the episode of Saturday Night Live (May 1976) in which Lorne Michaels had made his $3,000 cash offer to get Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr to reunite on the show. McCartney and Lennon had seriously considered going to the studio, but were too tired. This event was fictionalised in the 2000 television film Two of Us. His last telephone call to Lennon, which was just before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly. During the call, Lennon said (laughing) to McCartney, "This housewife wants a career!" which referred to Lennon's househusband years, while looking after Sean Lennon. In 1984, McCartney said this about the phone call: "Yes. That is a nice thing, a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up." Linda McCartney, speaking in the same 1984 interview stated: "I know that Paul was desperate to write with John again. And I know John was desperate to write. Desperate. People thought, well, he's taking care of Sean, he's a househusband and all that, but he wasn't happy. He couldn't write and it drove him crazy. And Paul could have helped him... easily."

Reaction to Lennon's murder
Main article: Death of John Lennon
On the morning of 9 December 1980, McCartney awoke to the news that Lennon had been murdered outside his home in the Dakota building in New York City. Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of The Beatles. On the evening of 9 December, as McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio, he was surrounded by reporters and asked for his reaction to Lennon's death. He was later criticised for what appeared, when published, to be an utterly superficial response: "It's a drag". McCartney explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag."' It seemed a very flippant comment to make." McCartney was also to recall:

I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you." The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "It's only me." They were like a wall, you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.
In 1983, McCartney said:

I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his "mask" and have a better relationship with him.
In a Playboy interview in 1984, McCartney said that he went home that night and watched the news on television – while sitting with all his children – and cried all evening.

McCartney carried on recording after the death of Lennon but did not play any live concerts for some time. He explained that this was because he was nervous that he would be "the next" to be murdered. This led to a disagreement with Denny Laine, who wanted to continue touring and subsequently left Wings, which McCartney disbanded in 1981. Also in June 1981, six months after Lennon's death, McCartney sang backup on George Harrison's tribute to Lennon, "All Those Years Ago", which also featured Ringo Starr on drums. McCartney would go on to record "Here Today", a tribute song to Lennon.

George HarrisonIn 1977, Harrison had this to say about working with McCartney: "There were a lot of tracks though where I played bass...because what Paul would do, if he's written a song, he'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say, 'Do this.' He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something. Paul would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually." While being interviewed circa 1988, Harrison said McCartney had recently mentioned the possibility of the two of them writing together, to which Harrison laughed, "I've only been there about 30 years in Paul's life and it's like now he wants to write with me."

In September 1980, Lennon said of Harrison and McCartney's working relationship: "I remember the day Harrison called to ask for help on 'Taxman', one of his bigger songs. I threw in a few one-liners to help the song along, because that's what he asked for. He came to me because he could not go to Paul, because Paul would not have helped him at that period." Despite this statement, McCartney did contribute to the song, playing the track's guitar solo.

In late 2001, McCartney learned that Harrison was losing his battle with cancer. Upon Harrison's death on 29 November 2001, McCartney told Entertainment Tonight, Access Hollywood, Extra, Good Morning America, The Early Show, MTV, VH1 and Today that George was like his "baby brother". Harrison spent his last days in a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by McCartney. On the day Harrison died, McCartney said, "George was a fantastic guy...still laughing and joking...a very brave man...and I love him like...he's my brother." While guesting on Larry King Live alongside Ringo Starr, McCartney said of the last time he saw Harrison, "We just sat there stroking hands. And this is a guy, and, you know, you don't stroke hands with guys, like that, you know it was just beautiful. We just spent a couple of hours and it was really lovely it was like...a favourite memory of mine." On the first anniversary of Harrison's death, McCartney played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George.

Personal relationships
Main article: Personal relationships of Paul McCartney
One of McCartney's first girlfriends, in 1959, was called Layla, a name he remembers being unusual in Liverpool at the time. Layla was slightly older than McCartney and used to ask him to baby-sit with her. Julie Arthur, another girlfriend, was Ted Ray's niece.

Dot RhoneMcCartney's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dot Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959. McCartney chose clothes and make-up for Rhone, and he paid for her to have her hair styled like Brigitte Bardot's. When McCartney first went to Hamburg with The Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when The Beatles played there again in 1962. The couple had a three-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage.

Jane AsherMcCartney first met the British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963, when a photographer asked them to pose together at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The two began a relationship and McCartney took up residence with Asher at her parents' house at 57 Wimpole Street London, where he lived for nearly three years before the couple moved to McCartney's own house in St. John's Wood. McCartney wrote several songs while at the Ashers', including "Yesterday" and several inspired by Asher, among them "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me", and "I'm Looking Through You". McCartney and Asher had a five-year relationship, and they planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement when she discovered McCartney had become involved with another woman, Francie Schwartz. However, Schwartz stated that McCartney and Asher had already broken up before the incident.

Linda McCartney
McCartney performing with wife Linda in 1976In 1969, McCartney married American photographer Linda Eastman, whom he described as the woman who gave him "the strength and courage to work again" after the break-up of The Beatles. The pair had met previously at a 1967 Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club, during her UK assignment to take photographs of "Swinging Sixties" musicians in London. Paul and Linda were both vegetarian and supported the animal rights organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. They had four children – Linda's daughter Heather (who was adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James – and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer in 1998.

Heather MillsIn 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner. The couple had a child, Beatrice, in 2003. They separated in May 2006 and were divorced in May 2008. Widespread animosity towards McCartney's wives was reported in 2004. "They ( the British public) didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher", McCartney said. "I married a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that."

Nancy ShevellMcCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a "low-key affair" attended by a group of around 30 family and friends. The couple had been dating since November 2007. A breast cancer survivor, she is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority as well as vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight.

Lifestyle Drugs
McCartney's introduction to drugs started in Hamburg, Germany. The Beatles had to play for hours, and they were often given "Prellies" (Preludin) by German customers or by Astrid Kirchherr (whose mother bought them). McCartney would usually take one, but Lennon would often take four or five.

McCartney remembered getting "very high" and giggling when The Beatles were introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan in New York, in 1964. McCartney's use of cannabis became regular, and he was quoted as saying that any future Beatles' lyrics containing the words "high", or "grass" were written specifically as a reference to cannabis, as was the phrase "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life". John Dunbar's flat at 29 Lennox Gardens, in London, became a regular hang-out for McCartney, where he talked to musicians, writers and artists, and smoked cannabis. In 1965, Barry Miles introduced McCartney to hash brownies by using a recipe for hash fudge he found in the Alice B. Toklas Cookbook. During the filming of Help!, he occasionally smoked a spliff in the car on the way to the studio during filming, which often made him forget his lines. Help! director Dick Lester said that he overheard "two beautiful women" trying to cajole McCartney into taking heroin, but he refused.

McCartney's attitude about cannabis was made public in the 1960s, when he added his name to an advertisement in The Times, on 24 July 1967, which asked for the legalisation of cannabis, the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. The advertisement was sponsored by a group called Soma and was signed by 65 people, including The Beatles, Epstein, RD Laing, 15 doctors, and two MPs.

McCartney was introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, and it was available during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. He admitted that he used the drug multiple times for about a year but stopped because of the unpleasant comedown.

In 1967, on a sailing trip to Greece (with the idea of buying an island for the whole group) McCartney said everybody sat around and took LSD, although McCartney had first taken it with Tara Browne, in 1966. He took his second "acid trip" with Lennon on 21 March 1967 after a studio session. McCartney was the first British pop star to openly admit to using LSD, in an interview in the now-defunct Queen magazine. His admission was followed by a TV interview in the UK on ITN on 19 June 1967, and when McCartney was asked about his admission of LSD use, he said:

I was asked a question by a newspaper, and the decision was whether to tell a lie or tell him the truth. I decided to tell him the truth ... but I really didn't want to say anything, you know, because if I had my way I wouldn't have told anyone. I'm not trying to spread the word about this. But the man from the newspaper is the man from the mass medium. I'll keep it a personal thing if he does too, you know ... if he keeps it quiet. But he wanted to spread it so it's his responsibility, you know, for spreading it, not mine.
McCartney was not arrested by Norman Pilcher's Drug Squad, as Donovan and several members of the Rolling Stones had been. In 1972, however, police found cannabis plants growing on his Scottish farm.

On 16 January 1980, Wings went to Tokyo for 11 concerts in Japan. As McCartney was going through customs, officials found 7.7 ounces (218.3 g) of cannabis in his luggage. He was arrested and taken to a Tokyo prison while the Japanese government decided what to do. McCartney had been previously denied a visa to Japan (in 1975) because he had been convicted twice in Europe for possession of cannabis. Public figures called for McCartney to be put on trial for drug-smuggling. Had he been convicted, he would have faced up to seven years in prison. The Wings Japanese tour was cancelled and the other members of Wings left Japan. After ten days in jail, McCartney was released and deported. He was told that he would not be welcome in Japan again, although a decade later he played a concert in Tokyo. In 1984, Paul and Linda McCartney were both arrested for possession of cannabis.

In an interview in 2004 he stated that he no longer smoked marijuana; he also admitted to taking heroin, LSD and cocaine but said his drug use was never excessive.

MeditationOn 24 August 1967, McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor, in North Wales, to attend a weekend 'initiation' conference, at which time he and the other Beatles learned Transcendental Meditation (TM). "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra. . . I find it soothing and I can imagine that the more you were to get into it, the more interesting it would get." The time McCartney later spent in India at the Maharishi's ashram was highly productive, as practically all of the songs that would later be recorded for The White Album and Abbey Road were composed there by McCartney, Lennon, or both together. Although McCartney was told that he was never to repeat the mantra to anyone else, he did tell Linda McCartney, and said he meditated a lot while he was in jail in Japan. In 2009, McCartney, along with Ringo Starr, headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth.

Activism
Paul and Linda McCartney became outspoken vegetarians and animal-rights activists. They said that their vegetarianism was realised when they happened to see lambs in a field as they ate a meal of lamb. McCartney has also credited the 1942 Disney film Bambi – in which the young deer's mother is shot by a hunter – as the original inspiration for him to take an interest in animal rights. In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights.

McCartney's campaign against landmines In 1999, McCartney spent £3,000,000 to make sure Linda McCartney's food range remained free of GM ingredients. In 2002, McCartney gave his support to a campaign against a proposed ban on the sale of certain vitamins, herbs, and mineral products in the European Union. Following his marriage to Heather Mills, McCartney joined with her to campaign against landmines; both McCartney and Mills are patrons of Adopt-A-Minefield. In 2003, he played a personal concert for the wife of a wealthy banker and donated his one million dollar fee to the charity. He also wore an anti-landmines t-shirt on the Back in the World tour.

In 2006, the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to bring international attention to the seal hunt (their final public appearance together). Their arrival sparked attention in Newfoundland and Labrador where the hunt is of economic significance. The couple also debated with Newfoundland's Premier Danny Williams on the CNN show Larry King Live. They further stated that the fishermen should quit hunting seals and begin a seal watching business. McCartney has also criticised China's fur trade and supports the Make Poverty History campaign.

McCartney has been involved with a number of charity recordings and performances. In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, and he had previously been involved in the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey" (released 8 May 1989) following the Hillsborough disaster.

In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.

In a December 2008 interview with Prospect Magazine, McCartney mentioned that he tried to convince the Dalai Lama to become a vegetarian. In a letter to the Dalai Lama, McCartney took issue with Buddhism and meat-eating being considered compatible, saying, "Forgive me for pointing this out, but if you eat animals then there is some suffering somewhere along the line." The Dalai Lama replied to McCartney by saying his doctors advised him to eat meat for health reasons. In the interview McCartney said, "I wrote back saying they were wrong."

FootballThe Beatles were advised by Epstein to make no comments about the football clubs they supported because it could alienate some fans, though it was well known that McCartney was a supporter of Everton Football Club, and that his father and relatives used to take him to matches. His allegiance later shifted to Liverpool F.C., as on 28 July 1968, The Beatles were photographed in a photographer's studio at 192–212 Gray's Inn Road, with McCartney wearing a Liverpool F.C. rosette. Linda McCartney later said: "We spent last night listening to Liverpool football team on the radio, wanting them to win so badly. Paul supports Liverpool. He was for Everton for a while because of his family — but it's all Liverpool now."

Lennon and McCartney were present to watch the 1966 FA Cup Final at Wembley, between Everton and Sheffield Wednesday, and McCartney attended the 1968 FA Cup Final (18 May 1968) which was played by West Bromwich Albion against Everton. After the end of the match, McCartney shared cigarettes and whisky with other football fans. The ex-Liverpool player, Albert Stubbins, was the only footballer shown on the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band cover. McCartney tried to listen (on a radio) to the Liverpool v Manchester United 1977 FA Cup Final, while sailing in the Caribbean, and the video for McCartney's "Pipes of Peace" (in 1983) recreated the 1915 football game played between German and British troops during World War I, at Christmas.

At the end of the live version of "Coming Up" recorded in Glasgow in 1979 (later to become a US number one single) the crowd begins to sing "Paul McCartney!" until McCartney takes over and changes the chant to "Kenny Dalglish!", referring to the current Liverpool and Scotland striker. At the same concert, Gordon Smith, former football player who played for Rangers and Brighton & Hove Albion, met the McCartneys, and later accepted an invitation to visit their home in East Sussex in 1980. Smith later said that McCartney was "thrilled I knew Kenny Dalglish", to which Linda added: "I like Gordon McQueen of Man United", and Smith replied, "I know him too."

McCartney attended the 1986 FA Cup Final between Liverpool and Everton, and in 1989, he contributed to the "Ferry Cross the Mersey" charity single that was recorded to aid victims of the Hillsborough Disaster, which happened during a match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. McCartney performed at the Liverpool F.C. Anfield stadium on 1 June 2008, as a part of Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year. Dave Grohl from the Foo Fighters sang with McCartney on "Band on the Run", and played drums on "Back in the U.S.S.R.". Ono and Olivia Harrison attended the concert, along with Ken Dodd, and the former Liverpool F.C. football manager Rafael Benítez.

In an interview in 2008, McCartney ended speculation about his allegiance when he said:

"Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool and I don't have that Catholic-Protestant thing.' So I did have to get special dispensation from the Pope to do this but that's it, too bad. I support them both. They are both great teams, but if it comes to the crunch, I'm Evertonian."

In 2010, there was heavy speculation surrounding McCartney that he was to head up a consortium launching a take-over bid for struggling Charlton Athletic. Links between the club and the famous musician go a long way back with Charlton's famous supporters anthem – Valley, Floyd Road – using the tune and a number of lyrics from the Wings song "Mull of Kintyre".

Business
Main articles: Apple Corps, Northern Songs, and MPL Communications
McCartney is one of Britain's wealthiest musicians, with an estimated fortune of £750 million ($1.2 billion) in 2009, although Justice Bennett, in his judgement on McCartney's divorce case found no evidence that McCartney was worth more than £400 million. In December 1998, he was approached to purchase a stake in Everton Football Club by former school friend Bill Kenwright who wished to put a consortium together but McCartney chose to decline the offer. In addition to his interest in Apple Corps, McCartney's MPL Communications owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights. McCartney earned £40 million in 2003, making him Britain's highest media earner. This rose to £48.5 million by 2005. In the same year he joined the top American talent agency Grabow Associates, who arrange private performances for their richest clients. Northern Songs was established in 1963, by Dick James, to publish the songs of Lennon–McCartney.

The Beatles' partnership was replaced in 1968 by a jointly held company, Apple Corps, which continues to control Apple's commercial interests. Northern Songs was purchased by Associated Television (ATV) in 1969, and was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson. For many years McCartney was unhappy about Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs.

MPL Communications is an umbrella company for McCartney's business interests, which owns a wide range of copyrights, as well as the publishing rights to musicals. In 2006, the Trademarks Registry reported that MPL had started a process to secure the protections associated with registering the name "Paul McCartney" as a trademark. The 2005 films, Brokeback Mountain and Good Night, and Good Luck, feature MPL copyrights.

In April 2009, it was revealed that McCartney, in common with other wealthy musicians, had seen a significant decline in his net worth over the preceding year. It was estimated that his fortune had fallen by some £60m, from £238m to £175m. The losses were attributed to the ongoing global recession, and the resultant decline in value of property and stock market holdings.

Critique, recognition and achievementsMain article: List of awards received by Paul McCartney

McCartney performing in Prague, 6 June 2004McCartney is listed in The Guinness Book Of Records as the most successful musician and composer in popular music history with sales of 100 million singles and 60 gold discs, "Sir Paul McCartney became the Most Successful Songwriter who has written/co written 188 charted records, of which 91 reached the Top 10 and 33 made it to No.1 totalling 1,662 weeks on the chart (up to the beginning of 2008)."

In the US, McCartney has achieved thirty-two number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including twenty-one with The Beatles, one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", nine solo, with Wings or other collaborators, and one as the composer of "A World Without Love", a number one single for Peter and Gordon. In the UK, McCartney has been involved in more number-one singles than any other artist under a variety of credits, although Elvis Presley has achieved more as a solo artist. McCartney has twenty four number-one singles in the UK, including seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and one with "The Christians et all". McCartney is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", The Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", The Beatles with Billy Preston), and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid).

McCartney was voted the "Greatest Composer of the Millennium" by BBC News Online readers and McCartney's song "Yesterday" is thought to be the most covered song in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions and according to the BBC, "The track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list. Sir Paul McCartney's Yesterday is the most played song by a British writer this century in the US." After its 1977 release, the Wings single "Mull of Kintyre" became the highest-selling record in British chart history, and remained so until 1984. (Three charity singles have since surpassed it in sales; the first to do so, in 1984, was Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in which McCartney was a participant.)

On 2 July 2005, he was involved with the fastest-released single in history. His performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 was released only 45 minutes after it was performed, before the end of the concert. The single reached number six on the Billboard charts, just hours after the single's release, and hit number one on numerous online download charts across the world. McCartney played for the largest stadium audience in history when 184,000 people paid to see him perform at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 21 April 1990.

McCartney's scheduled concert in St Petersburg, Russia was his 3,000th concert and took place in front of 60,000 fans in Russia, on 20 June 2004. Over his career, McCartney has played 2,523 gigs with The Beatles, 140 with Wings, and 325 as a solo artist. Only his second concert in Russia, with the first just the year before on Moscow's Red Square as the former Communist U.S.S.R. had previously banned music from The Beatles as a "corrupting influence", McCartney hired three jets, at a reported cost of $36,000 (€29,800) (£28,000), to spray dry ice in the clouds above Saint Petersburg's Winter Palace Square in a successful attempt to prevent rain.

The day McCartney flew into the former Soviet country, he celebrated his 62nd birthday, and after the concert, according to RIA Novosti news agency, he received a phone call from a fan; then-President Vladimir Putin, who telephoned him after the concert to wish him a happy birthday.

McCartney receiving the Gershwin Award from President Barack Obama in the White House, June 2010In the concert programme for his 1989 world tour, McCartney wrote that Lennon received all the credit for being the avant-garde Beatle, and McCartney was known as "baby-faced", which he disagreed with. People also assumed that Lennon was the "hard-edged one", and McCartney was the "soft-edged" Beatle, although McCartney admitted to "bossing Lennon around." Linda McCartney said that McCartney had a "hard-edge" – and not just on the surface – which she knew about after all the years she had spent living with him. McCartney seemed to confirm this edge when he commented that he sometimes meditates, which he said is better than "sleeping, eating, or shouting at someone".

The minor planet 4148, discovered in 1983, was named "McCartney" in his honour.

On 18 June 2006, McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, a milestone that was the subject of one of the first songs he ever wrote, at the age of sixteen, The Beatles' song "When I'm Sixty-Four". Paul Vallely noted in The Independent:

Paul McCartney's 64th birthday is not merely a personal event. It is a cultural milestone for a generation. Such is the nature of celebrity, McCartney is one of those people who has represented the hopes and aspirations of those born in the baby-boom era, which had its awakening in the Sixties.
—Paul Vallely, 2006
McCartney will receive the MusiCares Person of the Year honour on 10 February 2012.

Discography
Main articles: Paul McCartney discography, Wings discography, and The Beatles discography
ToursMain article: List of Paul McCartney concert tours

Arms
Arms of Paul McCartney

Notes Sir Paul McCartney's agent was Hubert Chesshyre, LVO, Clarenceux King of Arms

Crest On a Wreath of the Colours A Liver Bird calling Sable supporting with the dexter claws a Guitar Or stringed Sable.

Escutcheon Or between two Flaunches fracted fesswise two Roundels Sable over all six Guitar Strings palewise throughout counterchanged.

Motto ECCE COR MEUM (Behold my heart)

References
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The Beatles (2003). The Beatles Anthology. Apple records. ASIN – B00008GKEG. http://www.amazon.com/Beatles-Anthology-John-Lennon/dp/B00008GKEG/.

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The Beatles Biography

The Beatles in 1964
George Harrison
Background information
Origin Liverpool, England
Genres Rock, pop
Years active 1960 - 1970
Labels EMI, Parlophone, Capitol, Odeon, Apple, Vee-Jay, Polydor, Swan,
Tollie, UA
Associated acts The Quarrymen, Plastic Ono Band
Website:
http://www.thebeatles.com

USA Fashion & Music News
http://thefireboys.blogspot.com/2009/12/beatles-biography.html

Members
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
George Harrison
Ringo Starr
Former members
Stuart Sutcliffe
Pete Best
History of The Beatles
The Quarrymen
The Beatles in Hamburg
The Beatles at The Cavern Club
Beatlemania in the United Kingdom
American releases
The Beatles in the United States
1966
Studio years
Breakup
Reunions
Line-ups
Timeline

The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, who became one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. In their heyday, the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the group later worked in many genres ranging from folk rock to psychedelic pop, often incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways. The nature of their enormous popularity, which first emerged as the "Beatlemania" fad, transformed as their songwriting grew in sophistication. The group came to be perceived as the embodiment of progressive ideals, seeing their influence extend into the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s. With an early five-piece line-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe (bass) and Pete Best (drums), The Beatles built their reputation in Liverpool and Hamburg clubs over a three-year period from 1960. Sutcliffe left the group in 1961, and Best was replaced by Starr the following year. Moulded into a professional outfit by music store owner Brian Epstein after he offered to act as the group's manager, and with their musical potential enhanced by the hands-on creativity of producer George Martin, The Beatles achieved UK mainstream success in late 1962 with their first single, "Love Me Do". Gaining international popularity over the course of the next year, they toured extensively until 1966, then retreated to the recording studio until their breakup in 1970. Each then found success in an independent musical career. McCartney and Starr remain active; Lennon was shot and killed in 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in 2001. During their studio years, The Beatles produced what critics consider some of their finest material including the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), widely regarded as a masterpiece. Nearly four decades after their breakup, The Beatles' music continues to be popular. The Beatles have had more number one albums on the UK charts, and held down the top spot longer, than any other musical act. According to RIAA certifications, they have sold more
albums in the US than any other artist. In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the all-time top-selling Hot 100 artists to celebrate the US singles chart's fiftieth anniversary, with The Beatles at number one. They have been honoured with 7 Grammy Awards, and they have received 15 Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. The Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most important and influential people.

==History==
Formation and early years (1957 - 1962)
Aged sixteen, singer and guitarist John Lennon formed the skiffle group The Quarrymen with some Liverpool schoolfriends in March 1957. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a guitarist after he and Lennon met that July. When McCartney in turn invited George Harrison to watch the group the following February, the fourteen-year-old joined as lead guitarist. By 1960,Lennon's schoolfriends had left the group, he had begun studies at the Liverpool College of Art and the three guitarists were playing rock and roll whenever they could get a drummer. Joining on bass in January, Lennon's fellow student Stuart Sutcliffe suggested changing the band name to "The Beetles" as a tribute to Buddy Holly and The Crickets, and they became "The Beatals" for the first few months of the year. After trying other names including "Johnny and the Moondogs", "Long John and The Beetles" and "The Silver Beatles", the band finally became "The Beatles" in August. The lack of a permanent drummer posed a problem when the group's unofficial manager, Allan Williams, arranged a resident band booking for them in Hamburg, Germany. Before the end of August they auditioned and hired drummer Pete Best, and the five-piece band left for Hamburg four days later, contracted to fairground showman Bruno Koschmider for a 48-night residency. "Hamburg in those days did not have rock'n'roll music clubs. It had strip clubs", says biographer Philip Norman. Bruno had the idea of bringing in rock groups to play in various clubs. They had this formula. It was a huge nonstop show, hour after hour, with a lot of people lurching in and the other lot lurching out. And the bands would play all the time to catch the passing traffic. In an American red-light district, they would call it nonstop striptease. Many of the bands that played in Hamburg were from Liverpool...It was an accident. Bruno went to London to look for bands. But he happened to meet a Liverpool entrepreneur in Soho, who was down in London by pure chance. And he arranged to send some bands over. Harrison, only seventeen in August 1960, obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age. Initially placing The Beatles at the Indra Club, Koschmider moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October after the Indra was closed down due to noise complaints. When they violated their contract by performing at the rival Top Ten Club, Koschmider reported the underage Harrison to the authorities, leading to his deportation in November. McCartney and Best were arrested for arson a week later when they set fire to a condom hung on a nail in their room; they too were deported. Lennon returned to Liverpool in mid-December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg with his new German fiance, Astrid Kirchherr, for another month. Kirchherr took the first professional photos of the group and cut Sutcliffe's hair in the German "exi" (existentialist) style of the time, a look later adopted by the other Beatles. During the next two years, the group were resident for further periods in Hamburg. They used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances. Sutcliffe decided to leave the band in early 1961 and resume his art studies in Germany, so McCartney took up bass. German producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece to act as Tony Sheridan's backing band on a series of recordings. Credited to "Tony Sheridan and The Beat Brothers", the single "My Bonnie", recorded in June and released four months later, reached number 32 in the Musikmarkt chart. The Beatles were also becoming more popular back home in Liverpool. During one of the band's frequent appearances there at The Cavern Club, they encountered Brian Epstein, a local record store owner and music columnist. When the band appointed Epstein manager in January 1962, Kaempfert agreed to release them from the German record contract. After Decca Records rejected the band with the comment "Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein", producer George Martin signed the group to EMI's Parlophone label. News of a tragedy greeted them on their return to Hamburg in April. Meeting them at the airport, a stricken Kirchherr told them of Sutcliffe's death from a brain haemorrhage.

Abbey Road Studios main entranceThe band had its first recording session under Martin's direction at Abbey Road Studios in London in June 1962. Martin complained to Epstein about Best's drumming and suggested the band use a session drummer in the studio. Instead, Best was replaced by Ringo Starr. Starr, who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join The Beatles, had already performed with them occasionally when Best was ill. Martin still hired session drummer Andy White for one session, and White played on "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You". Released in October, "Love Me Do" was a top twenty UK hit, peaking at number seventeen on the chart. After a November studio session that yielded what would be their second single, "Please Please Me", they made their TV debut with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places. The band concluded their last Hamburg stint in December 1962. By now it had become the pattern that all four members contributed vocals, although Starr's restricted range meant he sang lead only rarely. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership; as the band's success grew, their celebrated collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as lead vocalist. Epstein, sensing The Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged the group to adopt a professional attitude to performing. Lennon recalled the manager saying, "Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change ”stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking." Lennon said, "We
used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality ... it was a choice of making it or still eating chicken on stage."

Beatlemania and touring years (1963 - 1966)
UK popularity, Please Please Me and With The Beatles McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the
Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963In the wake of the moderate success of "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me" met with a more emphatic reception, reaching number two in the UK singles chart after its January 1963 release. Martin originally intended to record the band's debut LP live at The Cavern Club. Finding it had "the acoustic ambience of an oil tank", he elected to create a "live" album in one session at Abbey Road Studios. Ten songs were recorded for Please Please Me, accompanied on the album by the four tracks already released on the two singles. Recalling how the band "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out Please Please Me in a day", an Allmusic reviewer comments, "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins." Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time; he and McCartney were "just writing songs a la Everly Brothers, a la Buddy Holly, pop songs with no more thought of them than that ”to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant." Released in March 1963, the album reached number one on the British chart. This began a run during which eleven of The Beatles' twelve studio albums released in the United Kingdom through 1970 hit number one. The band's third single, "From Me to You", came out in April and was also a chart-topping hit. It began an almost unbroken run of seventeen British number one singles for the band,including all but one of those released over the next six years. On its release in August, the band's fourth single, "She Loves You", achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time, selling three-quarters of a million copies in under four weeks. It became their first single to sell a million copies, and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978 when it was
topped by "Mull of Kintyre", performed by McCartney and his post-Beatles band Wings. The popularity of the Beatles' music brought with it increasing press attention. They responded with a cheeky, irreverent attitude that defied what was expected of pop musicians and inspired even more interest.

The Beatles' drop-T logo The Beatles' iconic "drop-T" logo, based on an impromptu sketch by instrument retailer and designer Ivor Arbiter, also made its debut in 1963. The logo was first used on the front of Starr's bass drum, which Epstein and Starr purchased from Arbiter's London shop. The band toured the UK three times in the first half of the year: a four-week tour that began in February preceded three-week tours in March and Mayâ€“June. As their popularity spread, a frenzied adulation of the group took hold, dubbed "Beatlemania". Although not billed as tour leaders, they overshadowed other acts including Tommy Roe, Chris Montez and Roy Orbison, US artists who had established great popularity in the UK. Performances everywhere, both on tour and at many one-off shows across the UK, were greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans. Police found it necessary to use high-pressure water hoses to control the crowds, and there were debates in Parliament concerning the thousands of police officers putting themselves at risk to protect the group. In late October, a five-day tour of Sweden saw the band venture abroad for the first time since the Hamburg chapter. Returning to the UK, they were greeted at Heathrow Airport in heavy rain by thousands of fans in "a scene similar to a shark-feeding frenzy", attended by fifty journalists and photographers and a BBC Television camera crew. The next day, The Beatles began yet another UK tour, scheduled for six weeks. By now, they were indisputably the headliners. Please Please Me was still topping the album chart. It maintained the position for thirty weeks, only to be displaced by With The Beatles which itself held the
top spot for twenty-one weeks. Making much greater use of studio production techniques than its "live" predecessor, the album was recorded between July and October. With The Beatles is described by Allmusic as "a sequel of the highest order ”one that betters the original by developing its own tone and adding depth." In a reversal of what had until then been standard practice, the album was released in late November ahead of the impending single "I Want to Hold Your Hand", with the song excluded in order to maximize the single's sales. With The Beatles caught the attention of Times music critic William Mann, who went as far as to suggest that Lennon and McCartney were "the outstanding English composers of 1963". The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of The Beatles' music, lending it respectability. With The Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack.

==The British Invasion==
Beatles releases in the United States were initially delayed for nearly a year when Capitol Records, EMI's American subsidiary, declined to issue either "Please Please Me" or "From Me to You". Negotiations with independent US labels led to the release of some singles, but issues with royalties and derision of The Beatles' "moptop" hairstyle posed further obstacles. Once Capitol did start to issue the material, rather than releasing the LPs in their original configuration, they compiled distinct US albums from an assortment of the band's recordings, and issued songs of their own choice as singles. American chart success came suddenly after a news broadcast about British Beatlemania triggered great demand, leading Capitol to rush-release "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in December 1963. The band's US debut was already scheduled to take place a few weeks later.

The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964 When The Beatles left the United Kingdom on 7 February 1964, an estimated four thousand fans gathered at Heathrow, waving and screaming as the aircraft took off. "I Want to Hold Your Hand" had sold 2.6 million copies in the US over the previous two weeks, but the group were still nervous about how they would be received. At New York's John F. Kennedy Airport they were greeted by another vociferous crowd, estimated at about three thousand people. They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 74 million viewersâ€”over 40 percent of the American population. The next morning one newspaper wrote that The Beatles "could not carry a tune across the Atlantic", but a day later their first US concert saw Beatlemania erupt at Washington Coliseum. Back in New York the following day, they met with another strong reception at Carnegie Hall. The band appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time, before returning to the UK on 22 February. During the week of 4 April, The Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five. That same week, a third American LP joined the two already in circulation; all three reached the first or second spot on the US album chart. The band's popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and a number of other UK acts subsequently made their own American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion. The Beatles' hairstyle, unusually long for the era and still mocked by many adults, was widely adopted and became an emblem of the burgeoning youth culture. The Beatles toured internationally in June. Staging thirty-two concerts over nineteen days in Denmark, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand, they were ardently received at every venue. Starr was ill for the first half of the tour, and Jimmy Nicol sat in on drums. In August they returned to the US, with a thirty-concert tour of twenty-three cities. Generating intense interest once again, the month-long tour attracted between ten and twenty thousand fans to each thirty-minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York. However, their music could hardly be heard. On-stage amplification at the time was modest compared to modern-day equipment, and the band's small Vox amplifiers struggled to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans. Forced to accept that neither they nor their audiences could hear the details of their performance, the band grew increasingly bored with the routine of concert touring.At the end of the August tour they were introduced to Bob Dylan in New York at the instigation of journalist Al Aronowitz. Visiting the band in their hotel suite, Dylan introduced them to cannabis. Music historian Jonathan Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, before which the musicians' respective fanbases were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds": Dylan's core audience of "college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings, a dawning political and social idealism, and a mildly bohemian style" contrasted with The Beatles' core audience of "veritable 'teenyboppers'kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialized popular culture of television, radio, pop records, fan magazines, and teen fashion. They were seen as idolaters, not idealists." Within six months of the meeting, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona." Within a year, Dylan would "proceed, with the help of a five-piece group and a Fender Stratocaster electric guitar, to shake the monkey of folk authenticity permanently off his back"; "the distinction between the folk and rock audiences would have nearly evaporated"; and The Beatles' audience would be "showing signs of growing up".

==A Hard Day's Night, Beatles for Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul==
Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 had not gone unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records, encouraged United Artists' film division to offer The Beatles a motion picture contract in the hope that it would lead to a record deal. Directed by Richard Lester, A Hard Day's Night had the group's involvement for six weeks in March April 1964 as they played themselves in a boisterous mock-documentary of the Beatles phenomenon. The film premiered in London and New York in July and August, respectively, and was an international success. The Observer's reviewer, Penelope Gilliatt, noted that "the way the Beatles go on is just there, and that's it. In an age that is clogged with self-explanation this makes them very welcome. It also makes them naturally comic." According to Allmusic, the accompanying soundtrack album, A Hard Day's Night, saw The Beatles "truly coming into their own as a band. All of the disparate influences on their first two albums had coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars." That "ringing guitar" sound was primarily the product of Harrison's 12-string electric Rickenbacker, a prototype given him by the manufacturer, which made its debut on the record. Harrison's ringing 12-string inspired Roger McGuinn, who obtained his own Rickenbacker and used it to craft the trademark sound of The Byrds. Beatles for Sale, the band's fourth studio album, saw the emergence of a serious conflict between commercialism and creativity. Recorded between August and October 1964, the album had been intended to continue the format established by A Hard Day's Night which, unlike the band's first two LPs, had contained no cover versions. Acknowledging the challenge posed by constant international touring to the band's songwriting efforts, Lennon admitted, "Material's becoming a hell of a problem". Six covers were eventually included on the album. Released in early December, its eight self-penned numbers nevertheless stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the material produced by the Lennon-McCartney partnership.
In April 1965, Lennon and Harrison's dentist spiked their coffee with LSD while they were his guests for dinner. The two later deliberately experimented with the drug, joined by Starr on one occasion. McCartney was reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in 1966, and later became the first Beatle to discuss it publicly. Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed the four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award. In protest”the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders”some conservative MBE recipients returned their own insignia.

The US trailer for Help! with (from the rear) Harrison, McCartney, Lennon and (largely obscured) Starr The Beatles' second film, Help!, again directed by Lester, was released in July. Described as "mainly a relentless spoof of Bond", it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band. McCartney said, "Help! was great but it wasn't our film ”we were sort of guest stars. It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong." The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon, who was lead singer and songwriter on the majority of songs, including the two singles performed on it: "Help!" and "Ticket to Ride". The accompanying album, the group's fifth studio LP, again contained a mix of original material and covers. Help! saw the band making increased use of vocal overdubs and incorporating classical instruments into their arrangements, notably the string quartet on the pop ballad "Yesterday". Composed by McCartney, "Yesterday" would inspire the most recorded cover versions of any song ever written. The LP's closing track, "Dizzy Miss Lizzy", became the last cover the band would include on an album. With the exception of Let It Be's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song "Maggie Mae", all of their subsequent albums would contain only self-penned material. On 15 August, The Beatles' third US visit opened with the first major stadium concert in history when they performed before a crowd of 55,600 at Shea Stadium, New York. A further nine successful concerts followed in other US cities. Towards the end of the tour the group were introduced to Elvis Presley, a foundational musical influence on the band, who invited them to his home. Presley and the band set up guitars in his living room, jammed together, discussed the music business and exchanged anecdotes. September saw the launch of an American Saturday morning cartoon series featuring the Beatles and echoing A Hard Day's Night's slapstick antics. Original episodes appeared for the next two years, and reruns aired through 1969. Rubber Soul, released in early December, was hailed by critics as another major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band's music. Biographer and music critic Ian MacDonald observes that with Rubber Soul, The Beatles "recovered the sense of direction that had begun to elude them during the later stages of work on Beatles for Sale". After Help!'s foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings, Rubber Soul's introduction of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of rock music. The album also saw Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting increasingly supplemented by distinct compositions from each (though they continued to share official credit). Their thematic reach was expanding as well, embracing more complex aspects of romance and other concerns. As their lyrics grew more artful, fans began to study
them for deeper meaning. There was speculation that "Norwegian Wood" might refer to cannabis. In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine's "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" ranked Rubber Soul at number five, and the album is today described by Allmusic as "one of the classic folk rock records". According to both Lennon and McCartney, however, it was "just another album". Recording engineer Norman Smith saw clear signs of growing conflict within the group during the Rubber Soul sessions; Smith later said that "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious" and "as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right."

==Controversy, studio years and breakup (1966-1970)==
Events leading up to final tour In June 1966, Yesterday and Today ”one of the compilation albums created by Capitol Records for the US market ”caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the smiling Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic dolls. A popular, though apocryphal, story was that this was meant as a response to the way Capitol had "butchered" their albums. Thousands of copies of the album had a new cover pasted over the original; an uncensored copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction.
During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore, The Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos, who had expected the group to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace. When presented with the invitation, Epstein politely declined on behalf of the group, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations. The group soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking "no" for an answer. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty. Almost as soon as they returned home, they faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives (as well as the Ku Klux Klan) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave. Lennon had offered his opinion that Christianity was dying and that The Beatles were "more popular than Jesus now". The comment went virtually unnoticed in England, but when US teenage fan magazine Datebook printed it five months later” on the eve of the group's final US tour ”it created a controversy in the American South's "Bible belt". South Africa also banned airplay of Beatles records, a prohibition that would last until 1971. Epstein publicly criticised Datebook, saying they had taken Lennon's words out of context, and at a press conference Lennon pointed out, "If I'd said television was more popular than Jesus, I might have got away with it." Lennon said he had only been referring to how other people saw The Beatles, but "if you want me to apologise, if that will make you happy, then okay, I'm sorry." Revolver and Sgt. Pepper Rubber Soul had marked a major step forward; Revolver, released in August 1966 a week before the band's final tour, marked another. Pitchfork identifies it as "the sound of a band growing into supreme confidence" and "redefining what was expected from popular music." Described by Gould as "woven with motifs of circularity, reversal, and inversion", Revolver featured sophisticated songwriting and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelic rock. Abandoning the group photograph that had become the norm, its cover designed by Klaus Voorman, a friend of the band since their Hamburg days ”was a "stark, arty, black-and-white collage that caricatured the Beatles in a pen-and-ink style beholden to Aubrey Beardsley." The album was preceded by the single "Paperback Writer", backed by "Rain". The Beatles shot short promo films for both songs, described as "among the first true music videos", which aired on Top of the Pops and The Ed Sullivan Show.
Among Revolver's most experimental tracks was "Tomorrow Never Knows", for whose lyrics Lennon drew from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. The song's creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the recording studio building, each manned by an engineer or band member, who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data. McCartney's "Eleanor Rigby" made prominent use of a string octet; it has been described as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song." Harrison was developing as a songwriter, and three of his compositions earned a place on the record. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Revolver as the third greatest album of all time. On the US tour that followed, The Beatles played none of its songs. The final show, at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, on 29 August, was their last commercial concert. It marked the end of a four-year period dominated by touring that included nearly 60 US concert appearances and over 1400 internationally. Freed from the burden of touring, the band's creativity and desire to experiment grew as they recorded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, beginning in December 1966. Emerick recalled, "The Beatles insisted that everything on Sgt. Pepper had to be different. We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins. We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way round." Parts of "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra. Nearly seven hundred hours of studio time were devoted to the sessions. They first yielded the non-album double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967; Sgt. Pepper followed in June. The musical complexity of the records, created using only four-track recording technology, astounded contemporary artists seeking to outdo The Beatles. For Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson, in the midst of a personal crisis and struggling to complete the ambitious Smile, hearing "Strawberry Fields" was a crushing blow and he soon abandoned all attempts to compete. Sgt. Pepper met with great critical acclaim. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it number one among its "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" and it is widely regarded as a masterpiece. Jonathan Gould describes it as a rich, sustained, and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be. On the basis of this perception, Sgt. Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album-formatted rock that would revolutionize both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963.

Front cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "probably the most famous album cover in popular musical history" Sgt. Pepper was the first major pop album to include its complete lyrics, which were printed on the back cover. Those lyrics were the subject of intense analysis; fans speculated, for instance, that the "celebrated Mr K." in "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" might in fact be the surrealist fiction writer Franz Kafka. The American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier wrote an essay, "Learning from the Beatles", in which he observed that his students were "listening to the group's music with a degree of engagement that he, as a teacher of literature, could only envy." Poirier identified what he termed the "mixed allusiveness" of the material: "It's unwise ever to assume that they're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject isn't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives." McCartney said at the time, "We write songs. We know what we mean by them. But in a week someone else says something about it, and you can't deny it ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs". Sgt. Pepper's remarkably elaborate album cover also occasioned great interest and deep study. The heavy moustaches worn by the band swiftly became a hallmark of hippie style. Cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their "brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms" as a knowingly "anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment" display. On 25 June, the band performed their newest single, "All You Need Is Love", to TV viewers worldwide on Our World, the first live global television link. Appearing amid the Summer of Love, the song was adopted as a flower power anthem. Two months later the group suffered a loss that threw their career into turmoil. After being introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat. During the retreat, Epstein's assistant Peter Brown called to tell them Epstein had died. The coroner ruled Epstein's death an accidental overdose, but it was widely rumoured that a suicide note had been discovered among his possessions. Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state, stressed by both personal issues and the state of his working relationship with The Beatles. He worried that the band might not renew his management contract, due to expire in October, based on discontent with his supervision of business matters. There were particular concerns over Seltaeb, the company that handled Beatles merchandising rights in the United States. Epstein's death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future. Lennon said later, "I didn't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music and I was scared." He also looked back on Epstein's death as marking the beginning of the end for the group: "I knew that we were in trouble then ... I thought, We've fuckin' had it now."

==Magical Mystery Tour, White Album and Yellow Submarine==
Magical Mystery Tour, the soundtrack to a forthcoming Beatles television film, appeared as a six-track double extended play disc (EP) in early December 1967. In the United States, the six songs were issued on an identically titled LP that also included tracks from the band's recent singles. Allmusic says of the US Magical Mystery Tour, "The psychedelic sound is very much in the vein of Sgt. Pepper, and even spacier in parts (especially the sound collages of 'I Am the Walrus')", and calls its five songs culled from the band's 1967 singles "huge, glorious, and innovative". It set a new US record in its first three weeks for highest initial sales of any Capitol LP, and it is the one Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band's official canon of studio albums. Aired on Boxing Day, the Magical Mystery Tour film, largely directed by McCartney, brought The Beatles their first major negative UK press. It was dismissed as "blatant rubbish" by the Daily Express, which described it as "a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on, getting off, and riding on a bus". The Daily Mail called it "a colossal conceit", while the Guardian labelled it "a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience". It fared so dismally that it was withheld from the US at the time. In January, the group filmed a cameo for the animated movie Yellow Submarine, a fantasia featuring a cartoon version of The Beatles. The group's only other involvement with the film was the contribution of several unreleased studio recordings. Released in June 1968, it was well received for its innovative visual style and humour in addition to its music. It would be seven months, however, before the film's soundtrack album appeared.
McCartney, Starr, Harrison and Lennon in the trailer for Yellow Submarine. Their cameo was filmed 25 January 1968, three weeks before they left for India.In the interim came The Beatles, a double LP popularly known as the White Album for its virtually featureless cover. Creative inspiration for the album came from an unexpected quarter when, with Epstein's guiding presence gone, the group turned to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as their guru. At his ashram in Rishikesh, India, a three-month "Guide Course" became one of their most creative periods, yielding a large number of songs including most of the thirty recorded for the album. Starr left after ten days, likening it to Butlins, and McCartney eventually grew bored with the procedure and departed a month later. For Lennon and Harrison, creativity turned to questioning when Yanni Alexis Mardas, the electronics technician dubbed Magic Alex, suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate the group. After Mardas alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees, Lennon was persuaded and left abruptly, taking the unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group's entourage with him. In his anger Lennon wrote a pointed song called "Maharishi", but later modified it to avoid a legal suit, resulting in "Sexy Sadie". McCartney said, "We made a mistake. We thought there was more to him than there was." During recording sessions for the album, which stretched from late May to mid-October 1968, relations among the band's members grew openly divisive. Starr
quit for a period, leaving McCartney to perform drums on several tracks. Lennon's romantic preoccupation with avant-garde artist Yoko Ono contributed to tension within the band and he lost interest in co-writing with McCartney. Flouting the group's well-established understanding that they would not take partners into the studio, Lennon insisted on bringing Ono, anyway disliked by Harrison, to all of the sessions. Increasingly contemptuous of McCartney's creative input, he began to identify the latter's compositions as "granny music", dismissing "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" as "granny shit". Recalling the White Album sessions, Lennon gave a curiously foreshortened summing-up of the band's history from that point on, saying, "It's like if you took each track off it and made it all mine and all Paul's... just me and a backing group, Paul and a backing group, and I enjoyed it. We broke up then." McCartney also recalled that the sessions marked the start of the breakup, saying, "Up to that point, the world was a problem, but we weren't" which had always been "the best thing about The Beatles". Issued in November, the White Album was the band's first Apple Records album release. The new label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps, formed by the group on their return from India, fulfilling a plan of Epstein's to create a tax-effective business structure. The record attracted more than two million advance orders, selling nearly four million copies in the US in little over a month, and its tracks dominated the playlists of US radio stations. Despite its popularity, it did not receive flattering reviews at the time. According to Jonathan Gould, The critical response... ranged from mixed to flat. In marked contrast to Sgt. Pepper, which had helped to establish an entire genre of literate rock criticism, the White Album inspired no critical writing of any note. Even the most sympathetic reviewers... clearly didn't know what to make of this shapeless outpouring of songs. Newsweek's Hubert Saal, citing the high proportion of parodies, accused the group of getting their tongues caught in their cheeks.
General critical opinion eventually turned in favor of the White Album, and in 2003 Rolling Stone ranked it as the tenth greatest album of all time. Pitchfork describes the album as "large and sprawling, overflowing with ideas but also with indulgences, and filled with a hugely variable array of material ... its failings are as essential to its character as its triumphs." Allmusic observes, "Clearly, the Beatles' two main songwriting forces were no longer on the same page, but neither were George and Ringo"; yet "Lennon turns in two of his best ballads", McCartney's songs are "stunning", Harrison is seen to have become "a songwriter who deserved wider exposure" and Starr's composition is "a delight".
By now the interest in Beatles lyrics was taking a serious turn. When Lennon's song "Revolution" had been released as a single in August ahead of the White Album, its messages seemed clear: "free your mind", and "count me out" of any talk about destruction as a means to an end. In a year characterized by student protests that stretched from Warsaw to Paris to Chicago, the response from the radical left was scathing. However, the White Album version of the song, "Revolution 1", added an extra word, "count me out ... in", implying a change of heart since the single's release. The chronology was in fact reversed the ambivalent album version was recorded first but some felt that The Beatles were now saying that political violence might indeed be justifiable.
The Yellow Submarine LP finally appeared in January 1969. It contained only four previously unreleased songs, along with the title track (already issued on Revolver), "All You Need Is Love" (already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin. Because of the paucity of new Beatles music, Allmusic suggests the album might be "inessential" but for Harrison's "It's All Too Much", "the jewel of the new songs... resplendent in swirling Mellotron, larger-than-life percussion, and tidal waves of feedback guitar... a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia".

==Abbey Road, Let It Be and breakup==
Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, site of the Let It Be rooftop concertAlthough Let It Be was the band's final album release, most of it was
recorded before Abbey Road. Initially titled Get Back, Let It Be originated from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney: to prepare new material and "perform it before a live audience for the very first time on record and on film. In other words make a live album of new material, which no one had ever done before." In the event, much of the album's content came from studio work, many hours of which were captured on film by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg. Martin said that rehearsals and recording for the project, which occupied much of January 1969, were "not at all a happy ... experience. It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb." Aggravated by both McCartney and Lennon, Harrison walked out for a week. He returned with keyboardist Billy Preston, who participated in the last ten days of sessions and was credited on the "Get Back" single”the only other musician to receive such acknowledgment on an official Beatles recording. The band members had reached an impasse on a concert location, rejecting among several concepts a boat at sea, the Tunisian desert and the Colosseum. Ultimately, the final live performance by The Beatles, accompanied by Preston, was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969. Engineer Glyn Johns worked for months assembling various iterations of a Get Back album, while the band turned to other concerns. Conflict arose regarding the appointment of a financial adviser, the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs. Lennon favoured Allen Klein, who had negotiated contracts for The Rolling Stones and other UK bands during the British Invasion. McCartney's choice was John Eastman, brother of Linda Eastman, whom McCartney married on 12 March (eight days before Lennon and Ono wed). Agreement could not be reached, so both were appointed, but further conflict ensued and financial opportunities were lost.
Martin was surprised when McCartney contacted him and asked him to produce another album, as the Get Back sessions had been "a miserable experience" and he had "thought it was the end of the road for all of us... they were becoming unpleasant people ”to themselves as well as to other people." Recording sessions for Abbey Road began in late February. Lennon rejected Martin's proposed format of "a continuously moving piece of music", and wanted his own and McCartney's songs to occupy separate sides of the album. The eventual format, with individually composed songs on the first side and the second largely comprising a medley, was McCartney's suggested compromise. On 4 July, while work on the album was in progress, the first solo single by a member of The Beatles appeared: Lennon's "Give Peace a Chance", credited to the Plastic Ono Band. The completion of the Abbey Road track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" on 20 August was the last time all four Beatles were together in the same studio. Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group on 20 September, but agreed that no public announcement would be made until a number of legal matters were resolved. Released six days after Lennon's declaration, Abbey Road sold four million copies within two months and topped the UK chart for eleven weeks. Its second track, the ballad "Something", was also issued as a single ”the first and only song by Harrison to appear as a Beatles A side. Abbey Road received mixed reviews, although the medley met with general acclaim. Allmusic considers it "a fitting swan song for the group" containing "some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record". MacDonald calls it "erratic and often hollow": "Had it not been for McCartney's input as designer of the Long Medley... Abbey Road would lack the semblance of unity and coherence that makes it appear better than it is." Martin singled it out as his personal favourite of all the band's albums; Lennon said it was "competent" but had "no life in it", calling "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" "more of Paul's granny music". Recording engineer Geoff Emerick noted that the replacement of the studio's valve mixing console with a transistorised one produced a less punchy sound, leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact. For the still uncompleted Get Back album, the final new Beatles song, Harrison's "I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970. Lennon, in Denmark at the time, did not participate. To complete the album, now retitled Let It Be, in March Klein gave the Get Back session tapes to American producer Phil Spector. Known for his Wall of Sound approach, Spector had recently produced Lennon's solo single "Instant Karma!" In addition to remixing the Get Back material, Spector edited, spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as "live". McCartney was unhappy with Spector's treatment of the material and particularly dissatisfied with the producer's orchestration of "The Long and Winding Road", which involved a choir and thirty-four-piece instrumental ensemble. He unsuccessfully attempted to halt the release of Spector's version. McCartney publicly announced his departure from the band on 10
April, a week before the release of his first, self-titled solo album. Pre-release copies of McCartney's record included a press statement with a
self-written interview, explaining the end of his involvement with The Beatles and his hopes for the future. On 8 May, the Spector-produced Let It Be was released. The accompanying single, "The Long and Winding Road", was the band's last; it was released in the United States, but not Britain. The Let It Be documentary film followed later in the month; at the Academy Award ceremony the next year, it would win the Oscar for
Best Original Song Score. The Sunday Telegraph called it "a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring,
geometrically perfect, once apparently ageless family of siblings." More than one reviewer commented that some of the Let It Be tracks sounded better in the film than on the album. Observing that Let It Be is the "only Beatles album to occasion negative, even hostile reviews", Allmusic describes it as "on the whole underrated... McCartney in particular offers several gems: the gospel-ish 'Let It Be', which has some of his best lyrics; 'Get Back', one of his hardest rockers; and the melodic 'The Long and Winding Road', ruined by Spector's heavy-handed overdubs." McCartney filed a suit for the dissolution of The Beatles on 31 December 1970. Legal disputes continued long after the band's breakup, and the dissolution of the partnership did not take effect until 1975.

==Post-breakup (since 1970)==
See also: Collaborations between ex-Beatles 1970s
Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970. Further albums followed from each, sometimes with the involvement of one or more of the others. Starr's Ringo (1973) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four, albeit on separate songs. With Starr's collaboration, Harrisonstaged The Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971 with sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974 (later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in '74), Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again. Two double-LP sets of The Beatles' greatest hits compiled by Allen Klein, 1962 - 1966 and 1967 - 1970, were released in 1973, at first under the Apple Records imprint. Commonly known as the Blue Album and Red Album respectively, each earned a Multi-Platinum certification in the United States and a Platinum certification in the United Kingdom. Between 1976 and 1982, EMI/Capitol released a wave of Beatles compilation albums without input from the band members. The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977). The first officially issued concert recordings by the group, it contained selections from two shows The Beatles played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours. After the international release of the original British albums on CD in 1987, EMI deleted this latter group of compilations ”including the Hollywood Bowl record from its catalogue.
The Beatles' music and enduring fame were commercially exploited in various other ways, outside the band members' creative control. The Broadway musical Beatlemania, a nostalgia revue featuring four musicians performing as The Beatles, opened in early 1977 and proved popular, spinning off five separate touring productions. The Beatles tried and failed to block the 1977 release of Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962. The independently issued album compiled recordings made during the group's Hamburg residency, taped on a basic recording machine with one microphone. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), a musical film starring the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton, was a commercial failure and "artistic fiasco". In 1979, the band sued the producers of Beatlemania, settling for several million dollars in damages. "People were just thinking The Beatles were like public domain", said Harrison. "You can't just go around pilfering The Beatles' material.

==1980s==
Lennon was shot and killed on 8 December 1980, in New York City. In a personal tribute Harrison wrote new lyrics for "All Those Years Ago", a song about his time with The Beatles recorded the month before Lennon's death. With McCartney and his wife, Linda, contributing backing vocals, and Starr on drums, the song was overdubbed with the new lyrics and released as a single in May 1981. McCartney's own tribute, "Here Today", appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982. The Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, their first year of eligibility. Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony along with Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, and his two sons, Julian and Sean. McCartney declined to attend, issuing a press release saying, "After 20 years, the Beatles still have some business differences which I had hoped would have been settled by now. Unfortunately, they haven't been, so I would feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion." The following year, EMI/Capitol settled a decade-long lawsuit by The Beatles concerning royalties, clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material.

==1990s==
Live at the BBC, the first official release of previously unissued Beatles performances in 17 years, appeared in 1994. That same year McCartney, Harrison and Starr reunited for the Anthology project, the culmination of work begun in the late 1960s by Neil Aspinall. Initially The Beatles' road manager, and then their personal assistant, Aspinall began to gather material for a documentary after he became director of Apple Corps in 1968. The Long and Winding Road, as Aspinall provisionally titled his Beatles history, was shelved, but as executive producer for the Anthology project Aspinall was able to complete his work. Documenting the history of The Beatles in the band's own words, the project saw the release of many previously unissued Beatles recordings; McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two demo songs recorded by Lennon in the late 1970s. During 1995 and 1996 the project yielded a five-part television series, an eight-volume video set and three two-CD box sets. The two songs based on Lennon demos, "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love", were each released as singles. The CD box sets featured artwork by Klaus Voorman, creator of the Revolver album cover in 1966. The releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people worldwide.

==2000s==
1, a compilation album of every Beatles number one British and American hit, was released on 13 November 2000. It became the fastest-selling album of all time, with 3.6 million sold in its first week and over 12 million in three weeks worldwide. It was a number one chart hit in at least 28 countries, including the UK and the US. As of April 2009, it had sold 31 million copies globally, and is the highest selling album of the decade in the United States. Harrison died from lung cancer on 29 November 2001. McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the Concert for George, organized by Eric Clapton and Harrison's widow, Olivia. The tribute event took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison's death. As well as songs he composed for The Beatles and his own solo career, the concert included a celebration of Indian classical music, Harrison's interest in which had influenced the band. In 2003, Let It Be, a reconceived version of the album with McCartney supervising production, was released to mixed reviews. It was a top ten hit in both the UK and the US.
As a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil's Las Vegas Beatles stage revue Love, George Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of the band's recordings to create "a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period". The show premiered in June 2006, and the Love album was released that November. Attending the show's first anniversary, McCartney and Starr were interviewed on Larry King Live along with Ono and Olivia Harrison. Also in 2007, reports circulated that McCartney was hoping to complete "Now and Then", a third Lennon demo worked on during the Anthology sessions. It would be credited as a "Lennon/McCartney composition" with the addition of new verses, and feature a new drum track by Starr and archival recordings of Harrison playing guitar. Lawyers for The Beatles sued in March 2008 to prevent the distribution of unreleased recordings purportedly made during Starr's first performance with the group at Hamburg's Star-Club in 1962. In November, McCartney discussed his hope that "Carnival of Light", a 14-minute experimental recording The Beatles made at Abbey Road Studios in 1967, would receive an official release. McCartney headlined a charity concert on 4 April 2009 at Radio City Music Hall for the David Lynch Foundation with guest performers including Starr. The Beatles: Rock Band, a music video game in the style of the Rock Band series, was released on 9 September 2009. On the same day, remastered versions of the band's twelve original studio albums plus Magical Mystery Tour and the compilation Past Masters were issued.

==Musical style and evolution==
See also: Lennon/McCartney
In Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever, Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz sum up The Beatles' musical evolution: In their initial incarnation as cheerful, wisecracking moptops, the Fab Four revolutionized the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts. Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era's most influential cultural forces, but they didn't stop there. Although their initial style was a highly original, irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B, the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers, consistently staking out new musical territory on each release. The band's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres, including folk-rock, country, psychedelia, and baroque pop, without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work.
In The Beatles as Musicians, Walter Everett points out Lennon and McCartney's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition: "McCartney may be said to have constantly developedas a means to entertain ”a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed-upon common language that he did much to enrich. Conversely, Lennon's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious, searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility."Ian MacDonald, comparing the two composers in Revolution in the Head, describes McCartney as "a natural melodist ”a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony". His melody lines are characterised as primarily "vertical", employing wide, consonant intervals which express his "extrovert energy and optimism". Conversely, Lennon's "sedentary, ironic personality" is reflected in a "horizontal" approach featuring minimal, dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest: "Basically a realist, he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech, colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own." MacDonald praises Harrison's lead guitar work for the role his "characterful lines and textural colourings"
play in supporting Lennon and McCartney's parts, and describes Starr as "the father of modern pop/rock drumming... His faintly behind-the-beat style subtly propelled The Beatles, his tunings brought the bottom end into recorded drum sound, and his distinctly eccentric fills remain among the most memorable in pop music."

==Influences==
The band's earliest influences include Elvis Presley, Little Richard and Chuck Berry, whose songs they covered more often than any other artist's in performances throughout their career. During their co-residency with Little Richard at the Star Club in Hamburg from April to May 1962, he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs. Of Presley, Lennon said, "Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been Elvis, there would not have been The Beatles". Other early influences include Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison. The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success, often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries, including Bob Dylan, Frank Zappa, The Byrds and The Beach Boys, whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney. Martin stated, "Without Pet Sounds, Sgt. Pepper wouldn't have happened... Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds."

==Genres ==
A Hoffner "violin" bass guitar and Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar, models played by McCartney and Harrison, respectively. The small Vox amplifier behind them is the kind The Beatles used in concert.Originating as a skiffle group, The Beatles soon embraced 1950s rock and roll. The band's repertoire ultimately expanded to include a broad variety of pop music. Reflecting the range of styles they explored, Lennon said of Beatles for Sale, "You could call our new one a Beatles country-and-western LP", while Allmusic credits the band, and Rubber Soul in particular, as a major influence on the folk rock movement. Beginning with the use of a string quartet on Help!'s "Yesterday", they also incorporated classical music elements. As Jonathan Gould points out however, it was not "even remotely the first pop record to make prominent use of ”although it was the first Beatles recording to do so ... it was rather that the more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars." The group applied strings to various effect. Of "She's Leaving Home", for instance, recorded for Sgt. Pepper, Gould writes that it "is cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad, its words and music filled with the cliches of musical melodrama." The band's stylistic range expanded in another direction in 1966 with the B-side to the "Paperback Writer" single: "Rain", described by Martin Strong in The Great Rock Discography as "the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record". Other psychedelic numbers followed, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" (actually recorded before "Rain"), "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", and "I Am the Walrus". The influence of Indian classical music was evident in songs such as Harrison's "Love You To" and "Within You Without You", whose intent, writes Gould, was "to replicate the raga form in miniature". Summing up the band's musical evolution, music historian and pianist Michael Campbell identifies innovation as its most striking feature. He writes, "'A Day in the Life' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can. It highlights key features of their music: the sound
imagination, the persistence of tuneful melody, and the close coordination between words and music. It represents a new category of song ”more sophisticated than pop, more accessible and down to earth than pop, and uniquely innovative. There literally had never before been a song classical or vernacularâ€”that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively." Music theorist Bruce Ellis Benson agrees: "Composers may be able to conceive new rhythms and chord progressions, but these are usually improvisations upon current rhythms and chord progressions. The Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far-ranging influences as Celtic music, rhythm and blues, and country and western could be put together in a new way." In The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles, Dominic Pedler also emphasizes the importance of the way they combined genres: "One of the greatest of The Beatles' achievements was the songwriting juggling act they managed for most of their career. Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another (as is sometimes conveniently suggested) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional, catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from Country to vaudeville. One of these threads was their take on folk music, which would form such essential
groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy." As the personal relationships between the band members grew increasingly strained, their individual influences became more apparent. The minimalistic cover artwork for the White Album contrasted with the complexity and diversity of its music, which encompassed Lennon's "Revolution 9", whose musique concrate approach was influenced by Yoko Ono; Starr's country song "Don't Pass Me By"; Harrison's rock ballad "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"; and the "proto-metal roar" of McCartney's "Helter Skelter".

==Contribution of George Martin==
George Martin's close involvement with The Beatles in his role as producer made him one of the leading candidates for the informal title of "fifth Beatle". He brought his classical musical training to bear in various ways. The string quartet accompaniment to "Yesterday" was his idea ”the band members were initially unenthusiastic about the concept, but the result was a revelation to them. Gould also describes how, "as Lennon and McCartney became progressively more ambitious in their songwriting, Martin began to function as an informal music teacher to them". This, coupled with his willingness to experiment in response to their suggestions ”such as adding "something baroque" to a particular recording ”facilitated their creative development. As well as scoring orchestral arrangements for Beatles recordings, Martin often performed, playing instruments including piano, organ and brass. Looking back on the making of Sgt. Pepper, Martin said, "'Sergeant Pepper' itself didn't appear until halfway through making the album. It was Paul's song, just an ordinary rock number and not particularly brilliant as songs go ... Paul said, 'Why don't we make the album as though the Pepper band really existed, as though Sergeant Pepper was making the record? We'll dub in effects and things.' I loved the idea, and from that moment on it was as though Pepper had a life of its own." Recalling how strongly the song contrasted with Lennon's compositions, Martin spoke too of his own stabilising influence: Compared with Paul's songs, all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality, John's had a psychedelic, almost mystical quality ... John's imagery is one of the best things about his work "tangerine trees", "marmalade skies", "cellophane flowers" ... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dali, rather than some drug-ridden record artist. On the other hand, I would be stupid to pretend that drugs didn't figure quite heavily in The Beatles' lives at that time. At the same time they knew that I, in my schoolmasterly role, didn't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself, I couldn't see the need for it; and there's no doubt that, if I too had been on dope, Pepper would never have been the album it was.
Harrison echoed Martin's description of his stabilising role: "I think we just grew through those years together, him as the straight man and us as the loonies; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness ”we used to be slightly avant-garde on certain days of the week, and he would be there as the anchor person, to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape."

==In the studio==
See also: The Beatles' recording technology
The Beatles made innovative use of technology, treating the studio as an instrument in itself. They urged experimentation by Martin and their recording engineers, regularly demanding that something new be tried because "it might just sound good". At the same time they constantly sought ways to put chance occurrences to creative use. Accidental guitar feedback, a resonating glass bottle, a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards ”any of these might be incorporated into their music. The Beatles' desire to create new sounds on every new recording, combined with Martin's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers such as Norman Smith, Ken Townsend and Geoff Emerick, all contributed significantly to their records from Rubber Soul and, especially, Revolver forward. Along with studio tricks such as sound effects, unconventional microphone placements, tape loops, double tracking and vari-speed recording, The Beatles augmented their songs with instruments that were unconventional for rock music at the time. These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" and the swarmandel in "Strawberry Fields Forever". They also used early electronic instruments such as the Mellotron, with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the "Strawberry Fields" intro, and the clavioline, an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe-like sound on "Baby, You're a Rich Man".

==Legacy==
See also: The Beatles' influence on popular culture
The Beatles' influence on popular culture was and remains immense. Former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield said, "People are still looking at Picasso ... at artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original. In the form that they worked in, in the form of popular music, no one will ever be more revolutionary, more creative and more distinctive than The Beatles were." From the 1920s, the United States had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout much of the world, via Hollywood movies, jazz, the music of Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and, later, the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis, Tennessee. Drawing on their rock and roll roots, The Beatles not only triggered the British Invasion of the US, but themselves became a globally influential phenomenon. The Beatles' musical innovations, as well as their commercial success, inspired musicians worldwide. A large number of artists have acknowledged The Beatles as an influence or have had chart successes with covers of Beatles songs. On radio, the arrival of The Beatles marked the beginning of a new era; program directors like Rick Sklar of New York's WABC went as far as forbidding DJs from playing any "pre-Beatles" music. The Beatles redefined the album as something more than just a few hits padded out with "filler". They were primary innovators of the music video. The Shea Stadium date with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted what was then the largest audience in concert history and is seen as a "landmark event in the growth of the rock crowd." Emulation of their clothing and especially their hairstyles, which became a mark of rebellion, had a global impact on fashion.
More broadly, The Beatles changed the way people listened to popular music and experienced its role in their lives. From what began as the Beatlemania fad, the group grew to be perceived by their young fans across the industrialized world as the representatives, even the embodiment, of ideals associated with cultural transformation. As icons of the 1960s counterculture, they became a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas, fueling such movements as women's liberation, gay liberation and environmentalism.

==Awards and recognition==
See also: List of awards and nominations received by The Beatles In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II appointed the four Beatles Members of the Order of
the British Empire (MBE). The Beatles film Let It Be (1970) won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. The Beatles have received 7
Grammy Awards and 15 Ivor Novello Awards. They have been awarded 6 Diamond albums, as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums, 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums in the United States, while in the UK they have 4 Multi-Platinum albums, 4 Platinum albums, 8 Gold albums and 1 Silver album. The group were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the all-time top-selling Hot 100 artists to celebrate the US singles chart's fiftieth anniversary” The Beatles ranked number one. In 2009, the Recording Industry Association of America certified that The Beatles have sold more albums in the US than any other artist. The Beatles have had more number one albums, 15, on the UK charts and held down the top spot longer, 174 weeks, than any other musical act. The Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people.

==Discography==
Main article: The Beatles discography
Further information: List of The Beatles songs, List of The Beatles' record sales, and The Beatles bootlegs
Original UK LPs
Please Please Me (1963)
With The Beatles (1963)
A Hard Day's Night (1964)
Beatles for Sale (1964)
Help! (1965)
Rubber Soul (1965)
Revolver (1966)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)
The Beatles (aka White Album) (1968)
Yellow Submarine (1969)
Abbey Road (1969)
Let It Be (1970)
(For Magical Mystery Tour, see CD releases below.)
CD releases

==1980s==
In 1987, EMI and Apple Corps released all of The Beatles' studio albums on CD. With this release, the band's catalogue was standardized throughout the world, establishing a canon composed of the twelve original studio albums as issued in the United Kingdom (listed above), as well as the US album version of Magical Mystery Tour (1967), which had been released as a shorter double EP in the UK. All the remaining Beatles material from the singles and EPs which had not been issued on the original studio albums was gathered on the two-volume compilation Past Masters (1988).

==2000s==
The US album configurations from 1964 - 1965 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006 (The Capitol Albums Volume 1 and Volume 2 respectively); these included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music's original American release. On 9 September 2009, The Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years. Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums, along with Magical Mystery Tour and Past Masters, were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set. A second collection included all mono titles along with the original stereo mixes of Help! and Rubber Soul. For a limited time, a brief video documentary about the remastering was included on each CD. In Mojo, Danny Eccleston wrote, "Ever since The Beatles first emerged on CD in 1987, there have been complaints about the sound". In support of the opinion that the original vinyl had significant advantages over the early CDs in clarity and dynamism, he suggested, "Compare 'Paperback Writer'/'Rain' on crackly 45, with its weedy Past Masters CD version, and the case is closed." Prior to the release of the 2009 remasters, Abbey Road Studios invited Mojo reviewers to hear a sample of the work, advising, "You're in for a shock." In his release-day review of the full product, Eccleston reported that "brilliantly, that's still how it feels a month later."

==Digital music==
The Beatles are among the few major artists whose recorded catalogue is not available through online music services such as iTunes and Napster. Apple Corps' dispute with Apple, Inc. (owners of iTunes) over the use of the name "Apple" is partly responsible, although in November 2008 McCartney said the main obstacle was that EMI "want something we're not prepared to give them." In March 2009, The Guardian reported that "the prospect of an independent, Beatles-specific digital music store" has been raised by Harrison's son, Dhani, who said, "We're losing money every day... So what do you do? You have to have your own delivery system, or you have to do a good deal with Apple, Inc. CEO Steve Jobs... He says that a download is worth 99 cents, and we disagree." On 30 October, Wired.com reported that an online service, BlueBeat, was making available the entire Beatles catalogue, via both purchasable downloads and free streaming. Neither EMI nor Apple Corps had authorized the distribution, and within a week BlueBeat was legally barred from handling the band's music. In December 2009, The Beatles' catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives.

==Song catalogue==
In 1963 Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr agreed to assign their song publishing rights to Northern Songs, a company created by music publisher Dick James. Administered by his company Dick James Music, Northern Songs went public in 1965 with Lennon and McCartney each holding 15% of the company's shares and James and the company's chairman, Charles Silver, holding a controlling 37.5%. After a failed attempt by Lennon and McCartney to buy the company, James and Silver sold Northern Songs in 1969 to British TV company Associated TeleVision (ATV), in which Lennon and McCartney received stock. Briefly owned by Australian business magnate Robert Holmes Ã Court, ATV Music was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson for a reported $47 million (trumping a joint bid by McCartney and Yoko Ono), giving him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 songs composed by Lennon and McCartney. Jackson and Sony merged their music publishing businesses in 1995, becoming joint owners of most of the Lennon-McCartney songs recorded by The Beatles, although Lennon's estate and McCartney still receive their respective shares of the royalties. Although the Jackson-Sony catalogue includes most of The Beatles' greatest hits, some of their earliest songs were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before Lennon and McCartney signed with James. McCartney
acquired the publishing rights to "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You" from Ardmore in the 1980s. Harrison and Starr allowed their songwriting
contracts with Northern Songs to lapse in 1968, signing with Apple Publishing instead. Harrison created Harrisongs, which still owns the rights to his post-1967 songs such as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something", while Starr's Startling Music holds the rights to his own post-1967 songs recorded by The Beatles, "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".

Google Music

2012-02-04T12:24:00.001-08:00

Google Music, a set on Flickr.

Google Music - Google Music Player

Music Beta by Google
http://music.google.com
http://thefireboys.blogspot.com/2011/05/googlemusicgooglemusicplayer.html

Type of site Music streaming service
Registration Required
Available language(s) English
Owner Google
Current status Beta
Music Beta by Google is an online music streaming service that was announced on 10 May 2011 at the Google I/O conference. The service supports streaming music to desktop browsers and Android phones and tablets, or any other device that can use the Adobe Flash platform.
Initially, Music Beta will support storing of up to 20,000 songs on the service for free. However, the Music Beta will only be free "for a limited time." At launch the service is available through invitation to US residents only. The service does not currently support buying music—it is only for streaming purposes. Music Beta will also allow for automatic caching for offline play on mobile devices.
According to the official Google blog, users "can use a feature called Instant Mix to create a playlist of songs that go well together." Music imported from iTunes will retain playlists as well.
Music Beta was first hinted at at the 2010 I/O Conference, where Google Senior Vice-President of Social Vic Gundotra showed a "Music" section of the Android Market that would allow users to download music through the market. In June 2010, a user discovered a logo that said "Google Music" on Google's servers, but it was later deleted.
Regarding the lack of music purchasing features, Jamie Rosenberg, the overseer of digital content and strategy for Google, told All Things Digital that "a couple of the major labels were less focused on the innovative vision that we put forward, and more interested in an unreasonable and unsustainable set of business terms," which led Google to make Music Beta a standalone streaming service.

System requirements The Music Manager
•Mac OS X 10.5 and above
•Windows XP and above
•Linux (Debian/Ubuntu/Fedora/openSUSE)

The Music Beta player on your computer
•Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer 7 and above
•JavaScript must be enabled in your browser (not necessary for Google Chrome). Learn how to enable JavaScript
•The latest version of Adobe Flash Player must be installed and enabled in your browser (Flash is included with Google Chrome). Install Adobe Flash Player
The Music Beta player for Android devices
Your device must be running Android 2.2 and above with OpenGL2.0 (contact your manufacturer to determine if OpenGL2.0 is supported on your device). You can determine your device's version of Android by touching Settings > About Phone/Tablet.

Invitations to Music Beta by Google
To request an invitation to Music Beta by Google, please visit music.google.com
Thanks for your interest!

Country availability
At this time, Music Beta by Google is only available in the United States. ( Today 18/08/2011 )

Supported filetypes
File Format File Extension Supported
mp3 .mp3
aac .m4a
* wma .wma
** FLAC .flac
*** ogg .ogg
Protected aac (DRM) .m4p
ALAC (Apple Lossless) .m4a
wav .wav
aiff .aiff
ra .r
* wma files are only supported by the Windows version of the Music Manager.
** FLAC and ogg files are transcoded to 320kbps mp3. Please note that FLAC files that are 24-bit and/or mono aren't currently supported.
*** ogg files are only supported when using the Linux version of the Music Manager.

Editing metadata and album art
By default, Music Beta will keep the metadata and album art embedded within your music files. If album art for a file is appearing in your iTunes library but is not appearing when added to Music Beta, this is likely because the album art was added by iTunes and was not embedded in your original music file.
Editing album metadata and art:
1.Select an album
2.Click the dropdown to the right of the album name
3.Select 'Edit album info'

From here, you can change the text in any of the album's metadata fields, or click 'Change' beneath the album art and select an image of your choosing.

Editing song metadata and art:
1.Select an album or playlist
2.Hover over the song you'd like to edit
3.Click the down arrow to the right of the song title
4.Select 'Edit song info'

From here, you can change the text in any of the song's metadata fields, or click 'Change' beneath the album art and select an image of your choosing.

Deleting songs from your library
You can delete music stored on your SD card when using the Music Beta application on your device; however, deletion of music from your online Music Beta library must be done from the Music player on your computer. The changes you make will then appear on your Android devices.
To delete music from your library while using your computer, click the triangular menu button that appears to the right of a song or album and select 'Delete song/album'.
You can quickly select multiple songs to delete when using your computer to access Music Beta. Select a song, hold down the 'Shift' key and select another song in the list to select a range of songs. To multi-select individual songs throughout the list, hold down the 'Ctrl' (Windows) or 'Command' (Mac) key while selecting.

Deleting songs from the free music offering
To delete multiple songs or all of the free Music Beta music from your library while using your computer:
1.Click 'Free songs' under 'Auto Playlists' in the 'My Library' tab.
2.After you've selected the songs or range of songs you'd like to delete, click the triangular menu button that appears to the right of a song and select 'Delete song/album'.
If you're deleting music to free up storage space, you may be interested in instructing the Music Manager to only add specific songs from your collection. To do so, move your preferred songs to a separate folder and set the Music Manager to add music from this folder. For instructions, see Adding music from folders of your choosing.

TAGS : Google Music For Android, Google Music, Google Music Beta, Google Music Service, Google Music Search, Google Music Player, Google Music Store, Google Music Download

Flickr : Nelio Guerson and Carlos Guerson - Brazilian Music - Google Music

2012-02-02T16:49:00.001-08:00

Nelio Guerson and Carlos Guerson - Brazilian Music - Google Music, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

COISA LINDA
( Music and Lyrics By Nelio Guerson & Carlos Guerson )
(P) 1993 All Rights Reserved SR 258450
FREE MUSIC MP3 DOWNLOAD - Direct From Artist
WEBSITE:
http://palcomp3.com/nelioguerson/mp3-coisa-linda/
SONG FILE :
http://almora.palco.fm/e/d/d/2/nelio-guerson-carlos-guerson_coisa-linda.mp3

Coisa linda
Foi tao belo o momento
Voce brincava de bambole
Cabelo solto ao vento
Coisa linda
Nao sai do meu pensamento
Te levar pra bambolear
No meu apartamento

Pra relaxar ligo a TV
Esta passando um filme romantico
Voce me diz que nao precisa aprender
Que pode ensinar a brincar de amor

TAGS: nelio, guerson, carlos, free, music, download, mp3, musica, gratis, musik, musique, singer, songwriter, brasil, brazil, brazilian, coisa, linda, belo, bambole, cabelo, romantico, tv, filme, brincar, amor, top hit, cool, cool music, good, love, hit, pop, rock, brasileira, brasilien, bresil

Flickr : rosie-huntington-whiteley-google-images-1

2012-02-02T15:59:00.001-08:00

rosie-huntington-whiteley-google-images-1, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Rosie Huntington-Whiteley

Born Rosie Alice Huntington-Whiteley
18 April 1987 (1987-04-18) (age 24)
Plymouth, Devon, England
Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Hair colour Brown
Eye colour Blue
Measurements 86-63-89 cm
(34-25-35 in)
Dress size 34 (EU), 4 (US)
Agency Models 1
Women Management
Website :
http://thefireboys.blogspot.com/2011/10/rosiehuntingtonwhiteleygooglegroup1.html

Rosie Alice Huntington-Whiteley (born 18 April 1987) is a British model and actress, best known for modelling for Victoria's Secret and for replacing Megan Fox as the lead female character in the upcoming film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, part of the Transformers franchise.

Contents
1 Career
1.1 Victoria's Secret and modelling, 2006-present
1.2 Transformers: Dark of the Moon
2 Personal life
3 Filmography

Career
Victoria's Secret and modelling, 2006-presentSince 2006, Huntington-Whiteley has modelled for American lingerie and beauty products brand Victoria's Secret. She made her debut with the brand in the Victoria's Secret 2006 Fashion Show, walking the Los Angeles runway.

She remained unknown in the fashion industry up until 2008 when she replaced Agyness Deyn for Burberry's fall/winter collection. She got her first British Vogue cover, for the November 2008 issue, which saw her pictured alongside Eden Clark and Jourdan Dunn in a feature celebrating British models. Harper's Bazaar's annual "Best Dressed List" placed her 6th on their list for the year 2008. The following year, she was featured as the face of Karen Millen's spring/summer 2009 advertising campaign. Huntington-Whiteley received an Elle Style Award for 2009's "Model of the Year". She starred in a short film for Agent Provocateur playing a woman whose boyfriend forgets Valentine's Day. For autumn/winter 2009, she modelled campaigns for Godiva and Miss Sixty. In late 2009, Huntington-Whiteley officially became a Victoria's Secret Angel, modelling for the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in New York city.

In 2010, she was featured in the infamous Pirelli Calendar, photographed by Terry Richardson. Huntington-Whiteley hit the runway for designers Prada in Milan and Giles Deacon in Paris. For SS10 her advertising campaigns included: Monsoon, Thomas Wylde, Full Circle, and VS Online. She was featured on the cover of LOVE Magazine's September issue, styled as a pinup girl. For fall/winter 2010, she modelled campaigns for Loewe, Thomas Wylde, and Leon Max. She also appeared in a new series of Burberry ads for the company’s beauty line. Fashion photographer Rankin devoted a book entirely to her titled, Ten Times Rosie. Rankin thinks Huntington-Whitely puts diversity back into fashion, "We’ve been looking at very, very skinny, almost masculine girls for a long time. really is the model of the moment. She’s the actress of the moment. She’s definitely going to become something much, much bigger."

In 2011, she landed her first solo Vogue cover for UK's March issue. In May 2011, she was voted Number 1 in Maxim Magazine "Hot 100" list.

Transformers:
Dark of the MoonIn May 2010, it was announced that Huntington-Whiteley would be replacing Megan Fox as the female lead in Transformers: Dark of the Moon, set for release on 1 July 2011. She had previously worked with the film's director, Michael Bay, on a Victoria's Secret commercial. MTV Networks' NextMovie.com named her one of the 'Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2011'.

Personal life
Huntington-Whiteley was born at the Freedom Fields Hospital in Plymouth, Devon, England, the daughter of Fiona, a fitness instructor, and Charles Huntington-Whiteley, a chartered surveyor. She has two younger siblings, Toby and Florence. Her great-great-grandfather was politician Sir Herbert Huntington-Whiteley, 1st Baronet, and her great-grandmother was descended from Polish Jewish immigrants of the 1870s. She grew up in Tavistock, Devon, and in 2003, while studying at Tavistock College, Huntington-Whiteley was discovered by Profile Model Management while seeking internships with several London based modelling agencies.

Huntington-Whiteley dated Tyrone Wood, the youngest son of Ronnie Wood, from August 2007 until October 2009, before beginning a relationship with French actor Olivier Martinez. In April 2010, she began dating English actor and martial artist Jason Statham.

Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
2011 Transformers: Dark of the Moon Carly Post-production

Flickr : Vogue magazine

2012-02-02T15:10:00.001-08:00

Vogue, a set on Flickr.

All Covers from Vogue along The Years by Flickr

Flickr : Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Transformers girl

2012-02-02T15:02:00.001-08:00

Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Transformers girl, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Flickr : Nelio Guerson and Carlos Guerson Amazon CD Cover

2012-02-02T12:00:00.001-08:00

Nelio Guerson and Carlos Guerson Amazon CD Cover , originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

MAGIC MUSIC WITH PRELUDE
( Letra e Musica By Nelio Guerson & Carlos Guerson )
(P) 1990 All Rights Reserved SR 200441
FREE MUSIC MP3 DOWNLOAD Direct From Artist
WEBSITE :
http://palcomp3.com/nelioguerson/mp3-magic-music/
SONG FILE :
http://almora.palco.fm/b/8/4/f/nelio-guerson-carlos-guerson_magic-music.mp3

( Prelude )
This kind of magic is you, it's me...

This Magic Music
Comes to take care of me
And every one can see
How much it means to me
This kind of magic
Comes down to shine on me
This magic music is good to me

Magical mistery
Part of you part of me
Magical song for us
A delight for all of us
This magic music
Comes down to enlighten me
This kind of magic is you, it's me

Magical mistery
Part of you part of me
Magical song for us
A delight for all of us
This magic music
Comes down to light on me
This kind of magic is you. It's me

Flickr : Billboard Hot 100 & Billboard Music Awards

2012-02-02T11:44:00.001-08:00

Billboard Hot 100 & Billboard Music Awards, a set on Flickr.

Tags : billboard top, 100 billboard, billboard top 100, top 100, the billboard, charts, billboard charts, billboard songs, music billboard, top songs.

BILLBOARD HOT 100
http://thefireboys.blogspot.com/p/billboard-hot-100-billboard-music.html..

The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday, while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday to Tuesday. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Thursday. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after. Example:
Monday, January 1 – sales tracking-week begins
Wednesday, January 3 – airplay tracking-week begins
Sunday, January 7 – sales tracking-week ends
Tuesday, January 9 – airplay tracking-week ends
Thursday, January 11 – new chart released, with issue date of Saturday, January 20.
The first number one song of the Hot 100 was "Poor Little Fool" by Ricky Nelson on August 4, 1958. As of the issue for the week ending December 17, 2011, the Hot 100 has had 1,009 different number-one hits. Its current number-one is "We Found Love" by Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris.

Contents
1 History
2 Hot 100 policy changes
2.1 Double-sided singles
2.2 Album cuts
2.3 EPs
2.4 Paid digital downloads
2.5 Remixes
2.6 Recurrents
3 Year-end charts
4 Limitations
5 Use in media
6 Similar charts
7 See also
8 Sources
9 References

History

What has always been known as the Hot 100 had existed for nearly fifteen years as numerous charts, tracking and ranking the most popular singles of the day in several areas. During the 1940s and 1950s, popular singles were ranked in three significant charts:
Best Sellers In Stores—ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country (20 to 50 positions).
Most Played By Jockeys—ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations (20 to 25 positions).
Most Played In Jukeboxes—ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States (20 positions). This was one of the main outlets of measuring song popularity with the younger generation of music listeners, as many radio stations resisted adding rock 'n roll music to their playlists for many years.
Although officially all three charts had equal "weight" in terms of their importance, many chart historians refer to the Best Sellers In Stores chart when referencing a song’s performance prior to the creation of the Hot 100. Billboard eventually created a fourth singles popularity chart that combined all aspects of a single’s performance (sales, airplay and jukebox activity), based on a point system that typically gave sales (purchases) more weight than radio airplay. On the week ending November 12, 1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played By Jockeys and Most Played In Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart.
On June 17, 1957, Billboard discontinued the Most Played In Jukeboxes chart, as the popularity of jukeboxes waned and radio stations incorporated more and more rock-oriented music into their playlists. The week ending July 28, 1958 was the final publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts, both of which had Perez Prado's instrumental version of "Patricia" ascending to the top.
On August 4, 1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart: the Hot 100. Although similar to the Top 100, the first Hot 100 chart reset all songs’ "weeks on chart" status to "1". The Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13, 1958.
The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a song’s popularity is measured in the United States. The Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan (both at retail and digitally) and streaming activity provided by online music sources.
There are several component charts that contribute to the overall calculation of the Hot 100. The most significant ones are shown below.
Hot 100 Airplay—(per Billboard) approximately 1,000 stations, "composed of adult contemporary, R&B, hip-hop, country, rock, gospel, Latin and Christian formats, digitally monitored twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data."
Hot 100 Singles Sales—(per Billboard) "the top selling singles compiled from a national sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled, and provided by Nielsen SoundScan."
Hot Digital Songs—Digital sales are tracked by Nielsen SoundScan and are included as part of a title's sales points.
Hot 100 policy changes

The methods and policies by which this data is obtained and compiled have changed many times throughout the chart’s history.
As the advent of a singles music chart spawned chart historians and chart-watchers and greatly affected pop culture and produced countless bits of trivia, the main purpose of the Hot 100 is to aid those within the music industry – to reflect the popularity of the "product" (the singles, the albums, etc.) and to track the trends of the buying public. Billboard has (many times) changed its methodology and policies to give the most precise and accurate reflection of what is popular. A very basic example of this would be the ratio given to sales and airplay. During the Hot 100’s early history, singles were the leading way by which people bought music. At times when singles sales were robust, more weight was given to a song’s retail points than to its radio airplay.
As the decades passed, the recording industry concentrated more on album sales than singles sales. Musicians eventually expressed their creative output in the form of full-length albums rather than singles, and by the 1990s many record companies stopped releasing singles altogether (see Album Cuts, below). Eventually a song’s airplay points were weighted more so than its sales. Billboard has adjusted the sales/airplay ratio many times to more accurately reflect the true popularity of songs.

Double-sided singles
Billboard has also changed its Hot 100 policy regarding “two-sided singles” several times. The pre-Hot 100 chart "Best Sellers in Stores" listed popular A- and-B-sides together, with the side that was played most often (based on its other charts) listed first. One of the most notable of these, but far from the only one, was Elvis Presley’s "Don’t Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog." During the Presley single’s chart run, top billing was switched back and forth between the two sides several times. But on the concurrent "Most Played in Juke Boxes," "Most Played by Jockeys" and the "Top 100," the two songs were listed separately, as was true of all songs. With the initiation of the Hot 100 in 1958, A- and-B-sides charted separately, as they had on the former Top 100.
Starting with the Hot 100 chart for the week ending November 29, 1969, this rule was altered; if both sides received significant airplay, they were listed together. This started to become a moot point by 1972, as most major record labels solidified a trend they had started in the 1960s by putting the same song on both sides of the singles it serviced to radio.
More complex issues began to arise as the typical A-and-B-side format of singles gave way to 12 inch singles and maxi-singles, many of which contained more than one B-side. Further problems arose when, in several cases, a B-side would eventually overtake the A-side in popularity, thus prompting record labels to release a new single, featuring the former B-side as the A-side, along with a "new" B-side.
The inclusion of album cuts on the Hot 100 put the double-sided hit issues to rest permanently.

Album cuts
As many Hot 100 chart policies have been modified over the years, one rule always remained constant: songs were not eligible to enter the Hot 100 unless they were available to purchase as a single. However, on December 5, 1998 the Hot 100 changed from being a "singles" chart to a "songs" chart. During the 1990s, a growing trend in the music industry was to promote songs to radio without ever releasing them as singles. It was claimed by major record labels that singles were cannibalizing album sales, so they were slowly phased out. During this period, accusations began to fly of chart manipulation as labels would hold off on releasing a single until airplay was at its absolute peak, thus prompting a top ten or, in some cases, a number one debut. In many cases, a label would delete a single from its catalog after only one week, thus allowing the song to enter the Hot 100, make a high debut and then slowly decline in position as the one-time production of the retail single sold out.
It was during this period that several popular mainstream hits never charted on the Hot 100, or charted well after their airplay had declined. During the period that they were not released as singles the songs were not eligible to chart. Many of these songs dominated the Hot 100 Airplay chart for extended periods of time:
1995 The Rembrandts – "I’ll Be There For You" (number one for eight weeks)
1996 No Doubt – "Don't Speak" (number one for 16 weeks)
1997 Sugar Ray featuring Super Cat – "Fly" (number one for six weeks)
1997 Will Smith – "Men in Black" (number one for four weeks)
1997 The Cardigans – "Lovefool" (number two for eight weeks)
1998 Natalie Imbruglia – "Torn" (number one for 11 weeks)
1998 Goo Goo Dolls – "Iris" (number one for 18 weeks)
As debate and conflicts occurred more and more often, Billboard finally answered the requests of music industry artists and insiders by including airplay-only singles (or "album cuts") in the Hot 100.

EPs
Extended play (EP) releases were listed by Billboard on the Hot 100 and in pre-Hot 100 charts (Top 100) until the mid-to-late 1960s. With the growing popularity of albums, it was decided to move EPs (which typically contain four to six tracks) from the Hot 100 to the Billboard 200, where they are included to this day.
Paid digital downloads
Since February 12, 2005, the Billboard Hot 100 tracks paid digital downloads from such internet services as iTunes, Napster, Musicmatch, and Rhapsody. With paid digital downloads added to the airplay/sales formula of the Hot 100, many songs benefited on the charts from the change. Billboard initially started tracking downloads in 2003 with the Hot Digital Tracks chart. However, these downloads did not count towards the Hot 100 and that chart (as opposed to Hot Digital Songs) counted each version of a song separately (the chart still exists today along with Hot Digital Songs). This is the first major overhaul of the Hot 100's chart formula since December 1998.
The change in formula has shaken up the chart considerably, with some songs debuting on the chart strictly with robust online sales and others making drastic leaps. In recent years, several songs have been able to achieve 80-to-90 position jumps in a single week as their digital components were made available at online music stores. Since 2006, the all-time record for the biggest single-week upward movement was broken nine times.
In the issue dated August 11, 2007, Billboard began incorporating weekly data from Streaming media and On-demand services into the Hot 100. The first two major companies to provide their statistics to Nielsen BDS on a weekly basis are AOL Music and Yahoo! Music, with more to follow in the future.

Remixes
Billboard has also answered the call of music industry insiders who raised an issue regarding song remixes. A growing trend in the early first decade of the 21st century was to issue a song as a "remix" that was so drastically different in structure and lyrical content from its original version that it was essentially a whole new song. Under normal circumstances, airplay points from a song’s album version, "radio" mix and/or dance music remix, etc. were all combined and factored into the song’s performance on the Hot 100, as the structure, lyrics and melody remained intact. Criticisms began when songs were being completely re-recorded to the point that they no longer resembled the original recording. The first such example of this scenario is Jennifer Lopez’ "I'm Real". Originally entering the Hot 100 in its album version, a "remix" was issued in the midst of its chart run that featured rapper Ja Rule. This new version proved to be far more popular than the album version and the track was propelled to number one.
To address this issue, Billboard now separates airplay points from a song’s original version and its remix, if the remix is determined to be a "new song". Since administering this new chart rule, several songs have charted twice, normally credited as "Part 1" and "Part 2". The remix rule is still in place.

Recurrents
Billboard, in an effort to allow the chart to remain as current as possible and to give proper representation to new and developing artists and tracks, has (since 1991) removed titles that have reached certain criteria regarding its current rank and number of weeks on the chart. Recurrent criteria have been modified several times and currently (as of 2010), a song is permanently moved to "recurrent status" if it has spent 20 weeks on the Hot 100 and fallen below position number 50. Exceptions are made to re-releases and sudden resurgence in popularity of tracks that have taken a very long time to gain mainstream success. These rare cases are handled on a case-by-case basis and ultimately determined by Billboard’s chart managers and staff.
The most notable exception to the recurrent entry policy applies to holiday-themed releases, which are commonly reissued year after year in anticipation of Christmas purchasing. After its initial chart run, a holiday entry cannot re-enter the Hot 100 in subsequent years.
Year-end charts

Billboard's "chart year" runs from the first week of December to the final week in November. This altered calendar allows for Billboard to calculate year-end charts and release them in time for its final print issue on the last week of December. Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, year-end singles charts were calculated by an inverse-point system based solely on a song’s performance on the Hot 100 (for example, a song would be given one point for a week spent at position 100, two points for a week spent at position ninety-nine and so forth, up to 100 points for each week spent at number one). Other factors including the total weeks a song spent on the chart and at its peak position were calculated into its year-end total.
After Billboard began obtaining sales and airplay information from Nielsen SoundScan, the year-end charts are now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total of yearlong sales and airplay points. This gives a more accurate picture of any given year’s most popular tracks, as a song that hypothetically spent nine weeks at number one in March could possibly have earned fewer cumulative points than a song that spent six weeks at number three in January. Songs at the peak of their popularity at the time of the November/December chart-year cutoff many times end up ranked on the following year's chart as well, as their cumulative points are split between the two chart-years, but often are ranked lower than they would have been had the peak occurred in a single year.
Limitations

The limitations of the Hot 100 have become more pronounced over time. Since the Hot 100 was based on singles sales, as singles have themselves become a less common form of song release, the Hot 100's data represented a narrowing segment of sales until the December 1998 change in the ranking formula.
Few music historians believe that the Hot 100 has been a perfectly accurate gauge of the most popular songs for each week or year. For example, during the 1950s and 1960s, payola and other problems skewed the numbers in largely undetectable ways.
Further, the history of popular music shows nearly as many remarkable failures to chart as it does impressive charting histories. Certain artists (such as Pink Floyd and Led Zeppelin) had tremendous album sales while being oblivious to the weekly singles charts. Business changes in the industry also affect artists' statistical "records." Single releases were more frequent and steady, and were expected to have much shorter shelf lives in earlier decades, making direct historical comparisons somewhat specious. Of the sixteen singles to top the Billboard chart for more than ten weeks since 1955, just one was released before 1992. During the first forty years of the rock era, no song had ever debuted at number one; since a 1995 change in methodology, nineteen songs have.
Strategizing also plays a role. Numerous artists have taken deliberate steps to maximize their chart positions by such tactics as timing a single's debut to face the weakest possible competition, or massively discounting the price of singles to the point where each individual sale represented a financial loss. Meanwhile, other artists would deliberately withhold even their most marketable songs in order to boost album sales. Particularly in the 1990s, many of the most heavily played MTV and radio hits were unavailable for separate purchase. Because of such countervailing strategies, it cannot be said that a Hot 100 chart necessarily lists the country's 100 most popular or successful songs. Strategies like these were the main reason behind the December 1998 change in the charts.
Some critics have argued that an overemphasis on a limited number of singles has distorted record industry development efforts, and there are nearly as many critics of the Hot 100 as there are supporters. Certain of these criticisms, however, are becoming less and less germane as digital downloads have revitalized the concept of “singles sales.”
The Billboard charts have endured as the only widely-circulated published report on songs that have been popular across the United States over the last half-century. Competing publications such as Cash Box, Record World, Radio & Records and most recently Mediabase have offered alternate charts, which sometimes differed widely.
Use in media

The Hot 100 served for many years as the data source for the weekly radio countdown show American Top 40. This relationship ended on November 30, 1991, as American Top 40 started using the airplay-only side of the Hot 100 (then called Top 40 Radio Monitor). The ongoing splintering of Top 40 radio in the early 1990s led stations to lean into specific formats, meaning that practically no station would play the wide array of genres that typically composed each weekly Hot 100 chart.
Similar charts

A new chart, the Pop 100, was created by Billboard in February 2005 to answer criticism that the Hot 100 was biased in favor of rhythmic songs, as throughout most of its existence, the Hot 100 was seen predominantly as a pop chart. It was discontinued in June 2009 due to the charts becoming increasingly similar.
The Canadian Hot 100 was launched June 16, 2007. Like the Hot 100 chart, it uses sales and airplay tracking compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and BDS.
The Japan Hot 100 was launched in the issue dated May 31, 2008, using the same methodologies as the Hot 100 charts for the U.S. and Canada, utilizing sales and airplay data from SoundScan Japan and radio tracking service Plantech.
Further information: List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones

See also

List of number-one hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of number-one Hot 100 Airplay hits
Bestseller
Billboard charts
Chart-topper
Single Certifications
Billboard Music Awards
List of best-selling music artists
List of best-charting U.S. music artists
Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones

Sources

Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Christopher G. Feldman, The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles (ISBN 0-8230-7695-4)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts, 1955–1959 (ISBN 0-89820-092-X)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties (ISBN 0-89820-074-1)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (ISBN 0-89820-076-8)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties (ISBN 0-89820-079-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
References

Trust, Gary (2011-12-07). "Jay-Z, Kanye West Reach Hot 100's Top 10 with 'Paris'; Rihanna Still No. 1" . Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Mayfield, Geoff (2007-08-04). "Billboard Hot 100 To Include Digital Streams" . Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
Richard Campbell et al, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 2004.
"Billboard Launches Canadian Hot 100 Chart" . Billboard magazine. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
Trust, Gary (2008-05-21). "Billboard Japan Hot 100 Finds Global Audience" . Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

Free Music & Music Download

2012-02-02T11:32:00.001-08:00

Free Music & Music Download, a set on Flickr.

Tags : free music, download music, music download, music downloads free, music downloads, free downloads, free music, free mp3, free mp3 music, download music, mp3 music download, 4shared music, mp3 download, download, google music search, google music downloads, free music downloads, yahoo music, google radio, online music, free music, google music videos.

PALCO MP3
palcomp3.com/nelioguerson/

Music Download
A music download is the transferral of a song from an Internet-facing computer or website to a user's local computer. This term encompasses both legal downloads and downloads of copyright material without permission or payment.
Popular examples of online music stores that sell digital singles and albums include the iTunes Store, Napster, Zune Marketplace, Amazon MP3, Nokia Music Store, TuneTribe, Kazaa and eMusic. Paid downloads are sometimes encoded with Digital Rights Management that restricts making extra copies of the music or playing purchased songs on certain digital audio players. They are almost always compressed using a lossy codec (usually MPEG-1 Layer 3 or Windows Media), reducing file size and therefore bandwidth requirements.
However, this may cause an apparent loss in quality to a listener when compared to a CD, and cause compatibility issues with certain software and devices. Uncompressed files and losslessly compressed files are available at some sites.
As of 2006, digital music sales are estimated to have reached a trade value of approximately US$2 billion, with tracks available through 500 online services located in 40 countries, representing around 10 percent of the total global music market. Around the world in 2006, an estimated five billion songs, equating to 38,000 years in music, were swapped on peer-to-peer websites, while 509 million were purchased online. As of January 2011, Apple's iTunes Store alone saw $1.1 billion of revenue in fiscal Q1.

Music downloads offered by artists
Some artists allow their songs to be downloaded from their websites, often as a short preview or a low-quality sampling. Others have embedded services in their sites that allow purchases of their singles or albums.

Challenges to legal music downloads
Even legal music downloads have faced a number of challenges from artists, record labels and the Recording Industry Association of America. In July 2007, the Universal Music Group decided not to renew their long-term contracts with iTunes. This legal challenge was primarily based upon the issue of pricing of songs, as Universal wanted to be able to charge more or less depending on the artist, a shift away from iTunes' standard 99 cents per song pricing. Many industry leaders feel that this is only the first of many show-downs between Apple Inc. and the various record labels.

Stephanie Seymour Vogue Magazine

2012-01-20T17:32:00.001-08:00

Stephanie Seymour Vogue Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Stephanie Seymour Biography

Birth name Stephanie M. Seymour
Date of birth July 23, 1968 (1968-07-23) (age 41)
Place of birth San Diego, California, U.S.A.
Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Hair color Light Brown
Eye color Blue-Green
Measurements (US) 33-23-33
(EU) 85-58-85
Dress size (US) 4
(EU) 34
Shoe size (US) 9
(EU) 41
Spouse(s) Tommy Andrews (1989-1990) 1 child
Peter Brant (1995-Present) 3 children
Stephanie M. Seymour (born July 23, 1968) is an American model and actress. Seymour has modeled for many notable fashion magazines and designers, and has been photographed by several well-known photographers including Herb Ritts, Richard Avedon, and Gilles Bensimon. She has appeared on over 300 magazine covers.

==Career==
Born in San Diego, California, the middle child of a California real estate-developer father and hairstylist mother, Seymour started her modeling career working for local newspapers and department stores in her hometown at the age of 14. In 1983, she entered the Elite Model Management Look of the Year modeling contest (now called Elite Model Look), but lost.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Seymour appeared in numerous issues of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue, and appeared on the cover of Vogue. During the same period, Seymour was a primary lingerie and hosiery model for the relatively new Victoria's Secret company in its mail-order catalogs and retail stores. In 1991 and again in 1994, Seymour posed for Playboy.

In 1998, she wrote Stephanie Seymour's Beauty Secrets for Dummies. In 2000, Seymour was ranked #91 on the FHM 1000 Sexiest Women of 2000. In 2006, she appeared in a campaign for Gap with her children.

Salvatore Ferragamo's creative campaign for his fall/winter 2007/2008 collection featured Seymour and Claudia Schiffer, shot on location in Italy with Mario Testino. In the promotional photos, the supermodels play film stars protected by bodyguards and pursued by the paparazzi.

==Acting==
In 2000, Seymour played Helen Frankenthaler in the movie Pollock. In 2002 she played the role of Sara Lindstrom in the "Crazy" episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent.

==Personal life==
At the age of 16, she began dating John Casablancas, the head of Elite Model Management, who was, at the time, married to model Jeanette Christjansen. The couple lived together before Seymour broke off the relationship.

From 1989 to 1990 she was married to guitarist Tommy Andrews. The marriage failed, but resulted in the birth of her first son, Dylan Thomas Andrews in 1990.

By mid 1991, she became involved with Axl Rose, the lead singer of Guns N' Roses. She appeared in two music videos by Guns N' Roses: "Don't Cry" and "November Rain". The couple broke up in February 1993 after Rose accused Seymour of being unfaithful. In August 1994, Rose sued Seymour for assaulting him during a 1992 Christmas party, mental and emotional abuse, and for withholding $100,000 worth of jewelry. Rose claimed he and Seymour were engaged. In turn, Seymour countersued Rose for assaulting her and denied they were ever engaged.

Shortly after her break up with Rose, Seymour began dating Peter Brant, a married publisher and real estate developer. She gave birth to the couple's first son (her second) Peter Jr. in December 1993. Seymour and Brant married in 1995 in France. Seymour gave birth to their second son Harry in 1996 and to their third child, daughter Lily Margaret, in 2004. In March 2009, Seymour filed for divorce from Brant after 14 years of marriage.

==Filmography==
Film
Year Film Role Notes
2000 Pollock Helen Frankenthaler
Television
Year Title Role Notes
2002 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Sara Lindstrom Episode: "Crazy"

Gisele Bundchen Bazaar Magazine

2012-01-20T17:27:00.001-08:00

Gisele Bundchen Bazaar Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Gisele Bündchen

BornGisele Caroline Bündchen 20 July 1980 (age 31) Horizontina, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Height1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Hair colorLight Brown
Eye colorBlue
Measurements35-23-35.5 (89-59-90)
Weight57 kg (130 lb; 9.0 st)
Dress size38 EU/6 US
Shoe size37 EU/6 US/4 UK
AgencyIMG Models
SpouseTom Brady (2009–present)
Website www.giselebundchen.com.br

==Gisele Bundchen Biography==
Gisele Caroline Bundchen ( born July 20, 1980 in Horizontina, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian model, occasional film actress and goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Program. According to Forbes, she is the highest-paid model in the world and also the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world, with an estimated $150 million fortune.

==Family and early life==
Bundchen was born in the Brazilian town of Tres de Maio and grew up in Horizontina, Rio Grande do Sul, to Vania Nonnenmacher, a bank clerk pensioner, and Valdir Bundchen, a university teacher and writer. She has five sisters - Raquel, Graziela, Gabriela, Rafaela and her fraternal twin Patrícia, Gisele's junior by five minutes. Bundchen is Roman Catholic and speaks Portuguese as her native language. She also speaks Spanish and English.

- I was born in Horizontina, a town in the backcountry of (Brazilian) state Rio Grande do Sul. The town was once mainly colonized by Germans. In the school which I attended, learning German was actually obligatory from third grade on. But being out of touch with the language for such a long time, I unfortunately forgot it. I belong to the sixth generation of my family in Brazil.

==Modeling career==
Originally, Bundchen wanted to be a professional volleyball player and considered playing for the Brazilian team, Sogipa. While in school, Bundchen was so thin that her friends used to call her "Olivia Palito" (Portuguese for Olive Oyl, Popeye's skinny girlfriend) and "Saracura" (a type of Brazilian shorebird).

In 1993, a then-13-year-old Bundchen joined a modeling course with her sisters Patrícia and Gabriela at her mother's insistence.The following year, Bundchen went to Sao Paulo on a school excursion to give them an opportunity to walk in a big city. In a shopping mall, while eating at McDonald's with her friends, Bundchen was discovered by a modeling agency. She was subsequently selected for a national contest, Elite Look of the Year, in which she placed second Claudia Menezes, from Bahia, took first place. Bundchen placed fourth in the world contest, held in Ibiza, Spain. In 1996, Bundchen moved to New York City usa to begin her modeling career, debuting at Fashion Week.

Gisele Bundchen on the Fashion Rio Inverno 2006, January 30, 2006. Her debut on the cover of the July 1999 issue of Vogue magazine, and the accompanying editorial entitled "The Return of the Sexy Model", is widely viewed as marking the end of the fashion's "heroin chic" era. She graced the cover again in November and December of that year. She won the VH1/Vogue Model of the Year for 1999, and a January 2000 cover gave her the rare honor of three consecutive Vogue covers. In 2000, she became the fourth model to appear on the cover of the music magazine Rolling Stone, when she was named "the most beautiful girl in the world." Bundchen has been on the covers of many top fashion magazines including W, Harper's Bazaar, ELLE, Allure, international editions of Vogue, as well as style and lifestyle publications such as i-D, The Face, Arena, Citizen K, Flair, GQ, Esquire, and Marie Claire. She has been featured both in the Pirelli Calendar 2001 and 2006 and in broader market publications such as Time, Vanity Fair, Forbes, Newsweek and Veja, more than 500 magazine covers throughout the world.

Bundchen consistently works with acclaimed photographers such as Mario Testino, Steven Meisel, Nick Knight, Mert and Marcus, Rankin, Annie Leibovitz, Karl Lagerfeld, Peter Lindbergh, David LaChapelle, Mario Sorrenti, Nino Munoz and Patrick Demarchelier, and with renowned directors such as Jean Baptiste Mondino and Bruno Aveillan.

Claudia Schiffer said: "Supermodels, like we once were, don't exist any more" and reckoned that Gisele Bundchen was the only one close to earning the supermodel title.

Naomi Campbell said: "Models need to earn their stripes - I just think the term is used a little too loosely. Kate Moss is obviously a supermodel but, after Gisele, I don’t think there’s been one."

On August 26, 2008, the New York Daily News, in a list, named Bundchen the fourth-most-powerful person in the fashion world.

On May 12, 2009, The Independent, called her the biggest star in fashion history.

==Endorsements and earnings==
Since her debut, Bundchen has been the face of a variety of advertising campaigns including several seasons of Christian Dior, Balenciaga, Mervyn's, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Versace, Givenchy, Bvlgari, Lanvin, Guerlain, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Earl Jean, Zara, Chloé, Michael Kors, Louis Vuitton and Victoria's Secret. She has appeared in advertisements for Nivea lotion and is the face of several Brazilian brands including Vivo, Multiplan (Shopping Malls), Colcci, Credicard (Citibank) and Volkswagen do Brasil. After C&A Brazil hired Bundchen as a spokesmodel and began airing television commercials, sales increased by 30%.

At the Fashion Rio Inverno 2006In May 2006, Bundchen signed another multi-million dollar deal, this time with American giant Apple Inc.. She starred in an advertising campaign to promote the new Macintosh line through the Get a Mac advertisements. Also in 2006, Bundchen became the new face of Swiss luxury watchmaker Ebel.

She has her own line of sandals with footwear company Grendene called Ipanema Gisele Bundchen. Forbes puts her 53rd on their list of the most powerful celebrities of 2007 because of the international success of her shoe line, making the brand Ipanema the most sold Brazilian flip-flop in the world, surpassing the legendary Havaianas. Custom Ipanema flip-flops sell for as much as $230 a pair. She is also the owner of a hotel in the south of Brazil, the Palladium Executive.

On May 1, 2007, it was announced that Bundchen had ended her contract with Victoria's Secret.

In July 2007, having earned an estimated total of $33 million in the past 12 months, Forbes magazine named her the world's top-earning model in the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels.

An American economist named Fred Fuld developed a stock index to measure the profit performance improvement of companies represented by Bundchen compared with the Dow Jones Industrial Average. According to Fuld, the Gisele Bundchen Stock Index was up 15% between May and July 2007, substantially surpassing the Dow Jones Industrial Average which was up just 8.2%.

==Charity activities==
Bundchen lends her support and image to a number of charities and humanitarian causes, such as the I am African campaign, in which she painted her face to protest the lack of attention given to Africa's HIV/AIDS victims. Without receiving payment, Bundchen was, in 2006, the face of American Express Red Card, an initiative launched by U2 front man Bono and Bobby Shriver to send a percentage of monies earned from the financial transactions of this credit card to Africa's HIV/AIDS victims.

In 2009, she appeared almost simultaneously in more than 20 covers of the international issues of Elle magazines wearing (Product) Red clothing and posing with products from companies who support the same cause. (RED)’s primary objective is to engage the private sector in increasing assistance for the Global Fund, to help defeat AIDS in Africa. Companies whose products take on the mark contribute a percentage of the sales or portion of the profits from that product to the Global Fund to finance AIDS programs in Africa, with special attention on the health of women and children.

At the Fashion Rio Inverno 2006In 2003, Bundchen designed an exclusive and limited edition of platinum hearts, working with Platinum Guild International and Harper’s Bazaar, crafted by jewelers Gumuchian Fils. These platinum hearts were sold to raise money for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital which specializes in cancer treatment. She served as the spokesperson and campaign model for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer. Bundchen already gave a Sao Paulo Fashion Week's payment check for Zero Hunger (in Portuguese: Fome Zero), a Brazilian-government program introduced by Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva also in 2003.

She was, in 2009, one of the celebrities to sign up for the auction fundraiser of celebrities autographed iPods to raise cash for the victims of Hurricane Katrina, organised by Tonic.com., alongside former U.S.A.'s president Bill Clinton, Cher, Beyonce, Britney Spears, Mariah Carey, Ellen DeGeneres and others. The money is for the Music Rising institution which aims to recover and invest in the musical culture of the destroyed areas.

She promotes protecting the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Amazon Rainforest water sources, donating to this cause a percentage of profits from her line of sandals named Ipanema Gisele Bundchen. Also, Bundchen helps projects such as Nascentes do Brasil, ISA, Y Ikatu Xingu and De Olho nos Mananciais.

Bundchen and Grendene, the company that produces and disseminates her line of sandals, also joined the Florestas do Futuro project for the reforestation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The project was created by the NGO named SOS Atlantic Forest in 2004. The new forest, named for Gisele Bundchen Sementes, started with 25,500 shoots of 100 different species, enough to revitalize an area of 15 hectares.

On 20 September, 2009, she was designated Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

==Acting career==
In 2004, Bundchen entered the film industry, playing the bank robbers' leader, Vanessa, in the 2004 remake Taxi. In 2006, she played a minor character in The Devil Wears Prada.

Personal life and Relationships:
On Thursday, February 26, 2009, Bundchen married New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in a small Catholic ceremony in Los Angeles ( la ). On April 5, 2009, the couple remarried in Costa Rica with Brady's son, John Edward Thomas Moynahan, present. For the ceremony, Gisele wore a dress and veil designed by famed fashion designer John Galliano. Bundchen's three dogs were also present at the ceremony. Bundchen and Brady had been dating since late 2006. Before marrying him, she dated actor Leonardo DiCaprio and professional surfer Kelly Slater. On Friday, June 19 2009, People magazine reported that Gisele was pregnant with her first child with husband Tom Brady. The baby is due on December 14, 2009.

==Music tribute==
As an homage to Bundchen, Brazilian singer and songwriter Gabriel Guerra, along with musician Pedro Cezar, wrote the song Tributo a Gisele (Tribute to Gisele in English), which is currently the theme of the model's official website. In January 2008, Bundchen met Gabriel Guerra at Copacabana Palace Hotel in Rio de Janeiro.
There's another music called "Coisa Linda" ( Pretty Woman ) dedicated to Gisele Bundchen by Nelio Guerson and Carlos Guerson. More info on Palco MP3, Last FM and Garagem MP3.

==One reason to love New York==
In the December 2005 issue, New York magazine chose and publicized a list of 123 reasons to love New York City with reason number 43 being that Gisele Bundchen lives there.

==Nude photography==
On April 11, 2008, a black-and-white photo of Bundchen, shot by Irving Penn, was auctioned for US$193,000 (£96,000). The picture was one of dozens from the collection of Gert Elfering that were sold at Christie's International in New York. In all, the auction tallied US$4.27 million and included pictures of Brigitte Bardot, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington and Carla Bruni. Bundchen's picture reached the highest price in comparison with the others. Bardot was the second with US$181,000 (£90,000).

In 2009, Gisele featured, on artistic nude picture, the cover of the work retrospective book of Australian photographer Russell James.

==Image inspiration==
In 2006, Elle magazine bosses surveyed the American leading stylists and asked them to name the star whose hair is a favourite for their clients. More than 50 per cent gave Gisele the title of best hair in Hollywood, followed by Sienna Miller in at second place and Nicole Richie in at third position.

In February 2008, a result of research was publicized by The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) to reveal how world celebrity images, which overwhelm popular media, influence people's choices and decisions to undergo plastic surgery. The question asked was "What influences do celebrities have on the decisions patients make?". The survey was sent to more than 20,000 plastic surgeons in 84 countries. Gisele Bundchen, Jennifer Lopez, Angelina Jolie, Nicole Kidman, Pamela Anderson, Sophia Loren, Brad Pitt and George Clooney were the most frequently mentioned celebrities. Gisele won the abdomen and hair categories and took second place in the breasts category.

==Controversies==
PETA anti-fur target
In 2002, during the taping of the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, Bundchen was the target of a protest made by four members of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals because she was signed to be the new face of Blackglama, a trademark of a fur-farming cooperative. When Bundchen was on stage, four women jumped onto the runway holding posters that read "Gisele: Fur Scum" and included the logo for PETA. Bundchen tried to ignore them while several security guards detained the protesters. Bundchen told CNN that the protest was "unwarranted" because the fashion show featured only faux fur. After the incident, the producers decided to stop the music and redid Bundchen's segment once the protesters were removed.

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Antunes, Anderson. "Could Supermodel Gisele Bundchen Be On Track To Becoming a Billionaire?". Forbes.
a b Gisele Bündchen. "Celebrity Central: Gisele Bundchen biography". People. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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September 2004 American Vogue
"Reason to Love New York". New York Magazine. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
"Gisele Bündchen: Charmed life of the mega-model". The Independent (London). 12 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
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"The Money Girls are Here".
"Accomplished Women Entertainers". CEOWORLD magazine. May 18, 2011.
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"Gisele Bundchen Named World's Richest Model". People. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2011". Retrieved 2011-09-01.
Gisele Bündchen Closes Out Givenchy’s All-Star Show – The Cut. Nymag.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-28.
Beggy, Carol; Shanahan, Mark (12 April 2008). ""Photo of Gisele brings big bucks", 12 April 2008 The Boston Globe". Boston Globe. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
""Foto de Gisele nua é comprada em leilão por US$ 193 mile", (Portuguese) xclusivo.terra.com.br". Exclusivo.terra.com.br. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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"Gisele Bundchen – Gisele Tops Elle Hair Poll". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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"Forbes Celebrity Top 100 2002". Forbes. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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Triggs, Charlotte (1 May 2007). "Gisele Bündchen, Victoria's Secret Part Ways". People. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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Bertoni, Steven (13 May 2010). ""Gisele is again highest paid model in the world". MSN report, January 2010". MSNBC. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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"Procter & Gamble's CEO Discusses Q3 2011 Results – Earnings Call Transcript". Seeking Alpha. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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Shanahan, M (2011-03-18). "Gisele Bundchen supports earthquake relief; Brady sells New York pad". The Boston Globe.
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Fin, Natalie (27 March 2009). "It's True. Tom Brady, Gisele Bündchen Secretly Wed". E!. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
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04:05 pm ET (15 December 2009). ""Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Name Son Benjamin", People, 18 December 2009". Celebrity-babies.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
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"Gisele Explains Breastfeeding "Law" Comment After Outcry". UsMagazine.com.

Molly_Sims_Cosmopolitan_Magazine

2012-01-20T17:21:00.001-08:00

Molly_Sims_Cosmopolitan_Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

==Molly Sims Biography==
Molly Sims (born May 25, 1973) is an American model and actress. Sims is best known for her appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and her role as Delinda Deline in the NBC drama Las Vegas.

==Early life==

Sims was born in Murray, Kentucky, the daughter of Dottie and Jim Sims. She was raised in Murray and enrolled in Vanderbilt University for two years, but dropped out in 1993 to pursue a career in modeling. While at Vanderbilt, she was a member of Delta Delta Delta.

==Career==
Sims was an official spokesmodel for Old Navy ads known for using the tag line "You gotta get this look!" She appeared in the Sports Illustrated "Swimsuit Issue" in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2006 as well as MTV's House of Style. In the 2006 issue of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue she appeared in a photo wearing a bikini designed by Susan Rosen worth $30 million that was made of diamonds. She is a CoverGirl model and is signed to Next Models Management in New York City.

She appeared as Delinda Deline for all five seasons of the series Las Vegas.

She has appeared in several comedy films, such as The Benchwarmers, Yes Man, The Pink Panther 2 and Fired Up.

On December 6, 2008 Sims appeared in the video for The Lonely Island's "Jizz in My Pants" as the girl with Andy Samberg in the beginning of the skit.

==Personal life==
Sims is a supporter of "Friends of El Faro", a grassroots non-profit that helps raise money for Casa Hogar Sion, an orphanage in Tijuana, Mexico. She has hosted the organization's last two fundraisers and visits the orphanage regularly.

She recently left a six-year relationship with actor Enrique Murciano, who plays Danny Taylor on Without a Trace.

She was recently linked to Aaron Eckhart. The two were recently seen together in Louisiana. Eckhart was taking pictures of Sims for her new jewelry line. The two avoided being pictured together.

==Filmography==
* House of Style - Host/Herself (2000)
* Starsky & Hutch - Mrs. Feldman (2004)
* The Benchwarmers - Liz (2006)
* Venus & Vegas - Angie (2007)
* Las Vegas - Delinda Deline (2003-2008)
* Yes Man - Stephanie (2008)
* Jizz in My Pants - (2008)
* The Pink Panther 2 - Marguerite (2009)
* Fired Up - Diora (2009)

Marisa Miller Marc EC Enterprises 1

2012-01-20T17:18:00.001-08:00

Marisa Miller Marc EC Enterprises 1, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Marisa Miller

Birth name Marisa Lee Bertetta
Date of birth August 6, 1978 (1978-08-06) (age 31)
Place of birth Santa Cruz, California, U.S.
Height 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Hair color Blonde
Eye color Hazel
Measurements 34D-23-35 (US)
86.5-58-89 (EU)[1]
Weight 110 lb (50 kg; 7.9 st)
Dress size 2 (US), 32 (EU), 6 (UK)
Shoe size 7 (US), 37½ (EU), 4½ (UK)
Agency Cartel Management
Spouse(s) Jim Miller (2000 - 2002)
Griffin Guess (2006 - present)

==Biography==
Marisa Lee Miller (born August 6, 1978) is an American model best known for her appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues, and her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret. After a stint shooting with photographer Mario Testino for fashion magazines like Vogue, Miller began working for both companies in 2002. As of late 2007, she is a Victoria's Secret Angel, and graced the cover of the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue to record-setting numbers, accomplishments that have led to her being dubbed the "return of the great American supermodel."

She is also known for contracts with companies like Harley-Davidson and for ranking #1 on Maxim magazine's 2008 "Hot 100" list. Aside from modeling, she is an ambassador for the American Cancer Society.

==Early life==
Born Marisa Lee Bertetta in Santa Cruz, California, Miller attended high school at Aptos High and Monte Vista Christian School. She considered herself a tomboy growing up, with mostly male friends and little awareness of anything girly. Out of shyness, she often wore large t-shirts to hide her body and would get fully dressed just to go to the trash can while at the beach.

Miller was first "discovered" at age sixteen walking through a San Francisco café by two Italian modeling agents. After talking to her mother Krista Bertetta, she was on a plane to Italy with her mother a few months later, despite her "shy and conservative" personality. Miller gained attention when she appeared in a 1997 issue of Perfect 10 magazine. Although she came in third behind Ashley Degenford and Monica Hansen in Perfect 10 magazine's first annual model search, she was repeatedly showcased in following issues, including the covers of the Winter 1998, Aug/Sept 1999, and Fall 2004 editions.

==Career==
Miller in a bikini, the top a striped design with a variety of different brown patterns.
Miller backstage during Fashion for Relief benefiting victims of Hurricane Katrina.

Miller moved from a start as an amateur magazine model to high profile mainstream work after an acquaintance showed a picture of her to famed fashion photographer Mario Testino in 2001. Testino asked to meet Miller, who was running a surf school at the time, and was invited to Manhattan Beach, California, where she would be surfing.

Noticing her, Testino snapped pictures of her and approached her for a job offer that turned out to be editorials for both the American and Italian editions of Vogue. Within six months, Miller was working for Victoria's Secret and the coveted Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, in which she appeared in every issue from 2002 to 2008. In particular, she famously posed wearing only an iPod in the 2007 issue. She has also appeared in a diverse range of magazines, many of them international editions, such as GQ, Maxim, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, Elle, and Vanity Fair, as well as working on campaigns/advertisements for Nordstrom, J.Crew, Tommy Hilfiger, Pepsi, Panasonic, Bath & Body Works, True Religion jeans, and motorcycle company Harley-Davidson, with whom she first partnered to launch the VRSCF V-Rod Muscle motorcycle in 2008 and rejoined in November 2009 to act as the face/spokesmodel of the company's first "Military Appreciation Month" campaign, featuring Miller as a classic pin-up in military-themed advertisements and online content. In July 2008, Miller took her first step beyond modeling when her shoe line with skateboarder/surfer-oriented company Vans launched.

Miller's TV spots include the short-lived reality series Manhunt: The Search for America's Most Gorgeous Male Model (2004), Puddle of Mudd's "Spin You Around" music video (2004), the pilot episode and finale of VH1's reality show The Shot (2007), cameos in HBO's Entourage and the CBS comedy How I Met Your Mother (both 2007), the latter with her fellow Victoria's Secret Angels, and a guest judge role on an episode of America's Next Top Model (2009). It wasn't until 2007 that she filmed her first television commercial for Victoria's Secret, appearing alongside Heidi Klum for the It bra. Miller starred in a 2008 viral video on YouTube with All Star baseball player Ryan Braun for Remington's ShortCut clippers and also appeared in commercials for the NFL Network and the California Travel and Tourism Commission's "Visit California" campaign.
Marisa Miller wearing a black bra studded with small diamonds in a harlequin pattern, with a larger heart shaped champagne diamond hanging.
Miller modeling the 2009 Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra.

On December 4, 2007, Miller made her debut in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, and opened a segment in the following year's edition. Other runway credits of Miller's include 2007's Fashion for Relief show, benefiting victims of Hurricane Katrina, as well as MTV's Fashionably Loud, Imitation of Christ, Inca, and Amir Slama's Rosa Cha, for which she was one of the most anticipated models.

On the February 12, 2008 episode of The Late Show with David Letterman, it was announced via a three-story billboard in New York City that Miller would grace the cover of that year's Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. The tandem online launch of the issue drew record page views to the SI website: 228 million, a 41% increase over 2007. In September 2008, Sports Illustrated released a "Best of Marisa Miller" swimsuit calendar for the 2009 year.

Victoria's Secret also put her to work in 2008, with a five-city tour to promote the 2008 Swim collection's release in stores; the April-May tour included stops in New York City, Miami, Chicago (where she threw the opening pitch at a Chicago Cubs baseball game), Boston, and Minneapolis. The relaunch of Victoria Secret's sports line, VSX, soon followed, along with her first official campaign as an Angel: promoting the company's fragrance Very Sexy Dare.

For the 2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, Miller was chosen to wear the year's "Fantasy Bra," a harlequin design featuring 2,300 white, champagne, and cognac diamonds, and a 16-carat heart-shaped brown-yellow diamond pendant for a $3-million value and 150 total carats.

==Media recognition==
The swell in publicity resulting from her 2008 work served to land Miller in the number one spot on Maxim magazine's "Hot 100" rankings for 2008, beating out list regulars such as Scarlett Johansson, Jessica Biel, and Eva Longoria-Parker. This marked the first time anyone has debuted on the list in the number one position. In her subsequent cover story for the July issue, Maxim proclaimed her as the "return of the great American supermodel." Of such acclaim, Miller admits, "I get a kick out of it, but it would be stupid to let it go to my head. It’s modeling I didn’t find the cure for cancer."

She also finished first place in The Best Damn Sports Show Period "Smokin' Sixteen" competition in 2008, repeating her 2007 win over competitors such as Gisele Bündchen and Adriana Lima. Miller ranked third in Askmen.com's "Top 99" for 2009, after ranking ninth in 2008, twelfth in 2007, and fourteenth in 2006. She added to her popular accolades with the "Hot N' Fresh" award at the second annual Spike Guys' Choice Awards.

==Personal life==
She married Jim Miller, a Los Angeles surfing contest promoter and lifeguard from California in 2000, and separated from him in 2002. They divorced soon after. She married music producer Griffin Guess on April 15, 2006. From an early age she loved surfing; in 2004, she placed second in the celebrity division of the Kelly Slater Surf Invitational and says of the sport, "I feel my absolute best physically, mentally and spiritually when I'm surfing every day." She was a standout volleyball player in high school and has taken up boxing. She has said that she would like to be a sportscaster.

As of 2009, Miller is an ambassador for the American Cancer Society, to which proceeds from her online store are donated. She also supports the Young Survival Coalition, which raises awareness of breast cancer in women under 40, as well as environmental organization The Surfrider Foundation, which aims to preserve the world's oceans and beaches. In October 2009, Miller hosted the "Monte Foundation MusicFest and Fireworks Extravaganza," an annual fundraiser for schools in the Aptos area, where she and Guess own a home.

Karolina Kurkova Elle Magazine

2012-01-20T17:14:00.001-08:00

Karolina Kurkova Elle Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Karolina Kurkova Biography
Karolina Kurkova
Birth name Karolina Isela Kurkova
Date of birth February 28, 1984 (1984-02-28) (age 25)
Place of birth Decín, Czech Republic
Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Hair color Blonde
Eye color Green
Measurements 34.5B-25-35 (US)
87-64-89 (EU)[2]
Weight 59 kg (130 lb; 9.3 st)
Dress size 4 (US); 34 (EU)
Shoe size 9 (US); 41 (EU)
Agency IMG Model Management Viva Model Management
Other name(s) KK
Karolína Isela Kurková (born February 28, 1984) is a Czech model, best known as a former Victoria's Secret Angel, and an aspiring actress. Mario Testino said of Kurková, "The proportions of her body and her face, as well as her energy level, make her a model who could fit almost into any moment." Vogue editor Anna Wintour called her the "next supermodel".
==Early life and career==
Karolína Kurková was born in Decín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, she - at 15 - landed a runway appearance, as well as a commercial and print advertising.[citation needed] She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada.
In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine Vogue, and after moving to New York City at the age of 17, graced the cover of the February 2001 edition, becoming one of the youngest models ever to appear on the magazine's cover.
==Modeling career==
Following her Vogue cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's televised fashion show special, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Tommy Hilfiger, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano,Chanel, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her even more. In the 2002 Victoria's Secret fashion show, she wore the multi-million dollar fantasy bra, worth almost $10 million and designed by Hearts on Fire. Other runway credits of hers include Alberta Ferretti, Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, Calvin Klein, Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Karl Lagerfeld, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, Ralph Lauren, Stella McCartney, and Vera Wang.
Kurková was named "Model of the Year" at the 2002 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards, in part for her work ethic, having worked twenty-three weeks straight.
Kurková has appeared in almost twenty Vogue magazine covers internationally, including the French, Italian, UK, German, Russian, Greek, and Korean editions, and has also appeared in international editions of Elle, Vanity Fair, and The Face. She has worked with noted fashion photographers like Steven Klein, Mario Sorrenti, and Mario Testino.
After being contracted as a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2005, she was featured in the 2006 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, showcasing the $6.5 million fantasy bra decked with almost 2000 diamonds weighing 800 carats and a centerpiece diamond brooch weighing 10 carats. She is the only Angel besides Heidi Klum to model the fantasy bra twice. As an Angel, she received a star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" prior to the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, appeared on the February 2008 cover of Esquire, re-creating the classic 1966 Angie Dickinson cover for the magazine's 75th anniversary, and was chosen as part of People magazine's 100 most beautiful people in the world.
In December 2007, she could be seen in print ads for Dell.
Model.com featured her at number five on the list of the hottest models today.
In the last Cía Marítima fashion show, Kurková's unexpectedly heavier physique brought criticism from the Brazilian press as having "too much back fat, love handles and cellulite".
Kurková is among the world's top-earning models, having earned an estimated $5 million in the year 2007. She was placed 6th in the Forbes annual list of the highest earning models.
Kurková has a smooth indentation in place of a navel, and photographs are often altered by the addition of an image of a navel to hide this.
Kurková is represented by Viva Models Paris.
In November 2008, E! Entertainment Television voted her the world's sexiest woman, beating the likes of Angelina Jolie, Scarlett Johansson, Gisele Bündchen, and her fellow Angels Heidi Klum and Adriana Lima.
==Television/movie career==
Kurková made her film debut alongside Frankie Muniz, Harvey Keitel, and Amber Valletta in Howard Himelstein's coming-of-age dramedy, My Sexiest Year. She played Courtney A. Kreiger / Cover Girl in the live action 2009 G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra film.
She appeared on the 2008 Academy of Country Music Awards along with Dwight Yoakam in presenting the "Top Female Vocalist" award to Carrie Underwood.
==Personal life==
Kurková announced in July 2009 that she was pregnant.She lives in New York City's TriBeCa district and enjoys courtside basketball games at Madison Square Garden.
Kurkova revealed that she has suffered from hypothyroidism, which caused her to gain weight.
In July 2009, she announced she is expecting a child with her fiancé, Archie Drury. On October 29th, Kurkova gave birth. The baby boy, Tobin Jack Drury, weighed in at 6 lbs. 3 oz., and is the first child for the couple.
==Charity==
In March 2006, Kurková received an award from the non-profit organization, Women Together, for her humanitarian work. Kurková was honored for working for the welfare of children through organizations such as "The Beautiful Life Fund", "Free Arts" and "Global Youth Action Network".[20] Karolina Kurkova Received the Atmosphere Magazine Award at the Madrid Planet Hollywood on December 18, 2003.

Adriana_Lima_Elle_Magazine

2012-01-20T17:08:00.001-08:00

Adriana_Lima_Elle_Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Adriana Lima Hot Biography

Adriana Lima, April 30, 2007
Birth name Adriana Francesca Lima
Date of birth June 12, 1981 (1981-06-12) (age 28)
Place of birth Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Hair color Brown
Eye color Blue
Measurements 86-61-89 (34-24-35)
Dress size 4 (US)
Shoe size 9 (US)
Agency Marilyn Agency
Spouse(s) Marko Jaric (2009-present)

Adriana Francesca Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel since 2000 and a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics from 2003 to 2009. At age 15, Lima finished first place in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" competition and took second place the following year in the Ford "Supermodel of the World" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City.

Lima never thought about being a model, although she had won many beauty pageants in elementary school. However, she had a friend at school who wanted to enter a modeling contest and didn't want to enter alone, so Lima entered with her. Both sent in pictures, and the contest sponsor soon asked Lima to come out for the competition. Soon after, at the age of 15, she entered and finished in first place in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" model search. She subsequently entered the 1996 Ford "Supermodel of the World" contest and finished in second place. Three years later, Lima moved to New York City and signed with Elite Model Management. After acquiring representation, Lima's modeling portfolio quickly began to expand, and she appeared in numerous international editions of Vogue and Marie Claire. As a runway model, she has walked the catwalks for designers such as Vera Wang, Christian Lacroix, Emanuel Ungaro, Giorgio Armani, Fendi, Ralph Lauren and Valentino, among others. Lima became a guess girl in 2000, appearing in that year's fall ad campaign. She also appeared in the book A Second Decade of Guess? Images.

Lima continued to build upon her portfolio, doing more print work for Maybelline, for whom she worked as a spokesmodel from 2003 until 2009, the same year she appeared in the company's first calendar, a limited edition run also featuring Kemp Muhl, Jessica White, Julia Stegner, and Anna Wang. Lima has also worked for notable fashion brands bebe, Mossimo, Armani, Bulgari, De Beers, FCUK, Intimissimi, Keds, Swatch, Versace, and BCBG. She also appeared on the covers and in the editorials of other fashion magazines such as Harper's Bazaar, ELLE, GQ, Arena, Cosmopolitan, and Esquire. Her April 2006 GQ cover was the highest-selling issue that magazine for the year, while her April 2008 cover brought a record number of hits to the magazine's website. She also appeared in the 2005 Pirelli Calendar and became the face of Italy's cell phone carrier, Telecom Italia Mobile, a move that earned her the nickname, "the Catherine Zeta-Jones of Italy."

In 2006, Sao Paulo Fashion Week released a calendar featuring twenty-five Brazilian models, including Lima. The calendar was accompanied by a movie containing interviews with the models, which was broadcasted at GNT in Brazil and then hit the shelves as a DVD.

In February 2008, she was featured on the cover of Esquire, re-creating the classic 1966 Angie Dickinson cover on Esquire's 75th anniversary along with fellow Victoria's Secret Angels Alessandra Ambrosio, Karolina Kurkova, Izabel Goulart and Selita Ebanks. She appeared only in shoes, diamonds and gloves for the November 2007 issue of Vanity Fair celebrating 20 years of supermodels with her fellow Angels. In February 2008, she was chosen to be the face of Mexico's Liverpool department store chain and launched the partnership with a press conference, runway show, and summer campaign. Lima returned to the high fashion runway in 2009, walking for Givenchy. That same year, after visiting Turkey, Lima signed a contract with Doritos to appear in print campaigns and commercials which began airing in Turkey in April. She is also one of the faces of Givenchy for the Fall/Winter 2009 season, alongside Mariacarla Boscono and Iris Strubegger.

In 2006, Lima ranked as the fifth highest paid supermodel. In 2007 and 2008, she ranked as the world's fourth highest paid supermodel by Forbes Magazine.

==Victoria's Secret==
Lima is probably best known for her work with Victoria's Secret. Her first fashion show for the company came in 1999, and since being contracted as an Angel in 2000, she has appeared on subsequent shows ever since, opening the show in 2003, 2007, and 2008, in which she also closed the opening segment. Lima has appeared on several television ads for the brand, including the praised and criticized "Angel in Venice" commercial of 2003 with Bob Dylan and her solo Victoria's Secret's Super Bowl XLII ad, the single most-seen ad of the game, watched by 103.7 million viewers. 2008 continued for Lima with hosting the What Is Sexy? program for the E! Entertainment Network and a July tour for the BioFit Uplift Bra launch, with stops in Long Island, Boston, and Miami Beach. She was also featured in November's Miracle Bra relaunch. Topping the year off, Lima wore the "Fantasy Bra" for the 2008 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. In 2009, Lima launched the company's new makeup line, "Christian Siriano for VS Makeup."

==Acting==
Lima's first acting role was the wife, alongside Mickey Rourke and Forest Whitaker, in The Follow (2001), a short film in BMW's series The Hire, starring Clive Owen. She also appeared with her fellow Angels in a guest spot playing herself in the series How I Met Your Mother in November 2007.

In 2008, Lima appeared on the American television series Ugly Betty, where she played herself and made friends with the series' title character, played by America Ferrera. According to her publicist, Liza Anderson, "Adriana has always been a huge fan of Ugly Betty and is thrilled for the opportunity to make a guest star appearance."

==Reception==
Since her rise to fame, Lima is often cited by popular media as one of the world's sexiest women. Lima was listed in the 2005 Forbes' edition of The World's Best-Paid Celebrities Under 25. Also, she ranked No.99th in the 2006 Forbes' edition of The Celebrity 100 (Forbes' Highest Paid and Powerful Celebrities in the World). Lima was chosen to be a part of People magazine's 100 most beautiful people in the world list, sharing that space with the Angels, with whom she also received a star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" prior to the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. That same year, she ranked 7th on FHM's "100 Sexiest Women 2007" list and was awarded as the "Hottest Girl on the Planet" at the first Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards, although the category was not mentioned in the actual broadcast. Lima was also voted on the Maxim "Hot 100" 2007 at the #53 spot. She was voted #1 as the Most Desirable Woman in 2005 by visitors of the men's lifestyle website, Askmen.com (she placed 4th in 2006 and 2007, 10th in 2008, and 19th in 2009). Lima is also listed in the 2009 Guinness Book of World Records as the youngest model on Forbes' Celebrity 100 List. As of November 2008, Models.com featured her at No.1 on the list of the Sexiest Models today. In 2009, she was voted sixth in "FHM's Sexiest Women In The World".

==Public image and Personal life==
Victoria's Secret Angels Adriana Lima (left), Marisa Miller and Selita Ebanks ride in the Guantanamo Bay Christmas Parade Dec. 1, 2007

In addition to her native Portuguese, Lima speaks English, French, and a bit of Italian. Lima was shy around boys when she was younger, not receiving her first kiss until she was 17 years old. Afterward, the boy went directly to her mother to ask if he could marry her. She is a devout Catholic who attends church every Sunday. In April 2006, she told GQ that she was a virgin. "Sex is for after marriage," she explained. "They have to respect that this is my choice. If there's no respect, that means they don't want me." Staying true to her religious roots, she is known for taking a Bible backstage to read.

She has been romantically linked to musician/singer Lenny Kravitz and Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein. In 2009 she married Serbian basketball player Marko Jaric'; they wed in a private civil ceremony in Jackson Hole, Wyoming on Valentines Day. The couple originally planned on a large wedding in Salvador in June 2009, but the couple decided to opt for a wedding in each of their hometowns; both are scheduled to take place at the end of 2009.

Lima and Jaric' are reportedly expecting their first child together in December 2009. Lima's representative told People magazine: "Adriana and Marko are overjoyed that they are expecting their first child together and are excited to share the happy news and start their family together." She has also recently applied for Serbian citizenship in order to promote a positive image of Serbia abroad.

==Charity==
Lima does charitable work helping with an orphanage, "Caminhos da Luz" (Ways of Light), located in her hometown. She helps with construction to expand the orphanage, and buys clothes for poor children in Salvador, Bahia. She appeared on Var Yok musun, the Turkish version of Deal or No Deal, where her prize money went to a hospital in Istanbul for children fighting leukemia.

Bar Refaeli Elle Magazine

2012-01-20T17:04:00.001-08:00

Bar Refaeli Elle Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Bar Refaeli
Birth name Bar Refaeli
Date of birth June 4, 1985 (1985-06-04) (age 24)
Place of birth Hod HaSharon, Israel
Height 1.74 m (5 feet 8.5 inches)
Hair color Light brown
Eye color Blue
Measurements 89-60-89 (EU) (35-24-35)
Dress size 6 (US); 36 (EU)
Shoe size 40 (EU); 9 (US)

Bar Refaeli , born June 4, 1985) is an Israeli model and occasional actress, most known for her modeling work and for her relationship with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio. She is the cover model of the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

==Early life==
Bar Refaeli was born in 1985 to a Israeli Jewish family in Hod HaSharon, Israel. Her parents, Rafael and Tzipi, own a horse ranch. Her mother was a successful Israeli model in the 1970s, under her maiden name Tzipi Levine. Refaeli has three brothers. She began a modeling career at the age of eight months, appearing in commercials. She had to wear braces in her early years, postponing her modeling. At age 15, Refaeli returned to modeling with the representation of Irene Marie Models.

==Career / Modeling career==
Refaeli began her modeling career before the age of 8 months for a baby commercial. By age 15, she was featured in campaigns for the fashion brands Castro and Pilpel, also starring in a commercial for Milki. Refaeli won the title "Model of The Year" in a beauty contest in 2000 and 2001. She was also chosen to be the home model of Renuar fashion network and appeared in their summer 2002 and winter 2003 catalogs.

Refaeli appeared in ELLE (France), Maxim, and GQ (Italy). She debuted in the 2007 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the first Israeli model to appear in the magazine. In the issue, she posed with rock band Aerosmith.

She has been the spokesperson for fashion brand Luisa Cerano. She has modeled for Subaru, Accessorize, Brazilian clothing line, Besni, Italian jewelry line Marco Bicego, and Rampage.

In 2008, Refaeli became the face of clothing line Hurley, and the Diddy cologne, "I Am King."

On February 9, 2009, it was announced that Refaeli is the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover model. A photo from the shoot, featuring a bikini-clad Refaeli, was also painted on the side of a Boeing 737 in a promotional deal with Southwest Airlines, leading many passengers to criticize Southwest for using an image they regarded as inappropriately sexual and "offensive to families".

She is signed to Storm Model Management in London, and 1/One Management in New York City.

On March 5, 2009, Refaeli received the "World Style Award," presented by the Women's World Awards, for her "natural elegance, sense of style and compassion."

Refeali co-hosted Fashionable Istanbul's press conference announcing the October 2009 fashion event, and also appeared in its advertising.

==Film and television career==
Refaeli co-starred the Israeli TV series Pick Up in 2005. In October 2008, she co-hosted the Bravo special program Tommy Hilfiger Presents Ironic Iconic America, based on the book Ironic Iconic America written by George Lois. She returned as a program host in 2009, this time for MTV's brief revival of House of Style.

In 2009, she will star in an English-language film, Session, directed by Israeli Haim Bouzaglo. The film is a psychological thriller that tells the story of a manipulative psychiatrist, Josh Tellman, who becomes obsessed with a new young patient named "Jibbs."

==Philanthropy==
Refaeli volunteers for Project Sunshine, a non-profit organization providing free services and programs for children facing life-threatening illnesses. She has also volunteered for organization Ahava, which has been caring for pets abandoned in Northern Israel during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.

Bar Rafaeli and film director Shahar Segal have agreed to do a gratis campaign under the slogan "One Bag Less" to reduce the use of plastic bags.

==Personal life==
Previously linked to Baywatch actor David Charvet and Uri El-Natan, Refaeli began a relationship with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio in November 2005 after meeting him at a Las Vegas party thrown for members of U2. In the course of their trip to Israel in March 2007, the couple met with Israeli president Shimon Peres and visited Refaeli's hometown of Hod HaSharon. The relationship ended in June 2009.

In 2007, a controversy arose when it became widely known that Refaeli had married a family acquaintance and divorced him soon after in order to avoid military service in the Israel Defense Forces, which is mandatory for both men and women over the age of 18, with certain exemptions. As a result of the adverse publicity, the Israeli Forum for the Promotion of Equal Share in the Burden threatened to boycott the fashion chain Fox if they hired Refaeli, but the two sides reached a compromise in which the model agreed to visit injured IDF soldiers on visits to Israel and encourage enlistment in the army.

Doutzen Kroes Elle Magazine

2012-01-20T17:01:00.001-08:00

Doutzen Kroes Elle Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Doutzen Kroes (pronounced Dow-tzen Crew-s) (born January 23, 1985 in Eastermar, the Netherlands) is a Dutch-Frisian model and currently one of the Victoria's Secret Angels.

==Early life==
Kroes was born in the town of Eastermar, in the province of Fryslân, the Netherlands. After graduating high school (HAVO), she sent snapshots to modeling agency Paparazzi in Amsterdam.

==Modeling career==
Kroes has made the covers of Time, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Seventeen, Elle, Marie Claire, Glamour, W, Avantgarde, Dazed & Confused and Numéro. She also appears regularly in the Victoria's Secret catalog and walked the runway of the company's fashion show in 2005, 2006 and 2008. Kroes' campaigns include Gucci, Tommy Hilfiger, Escada, Dolce & Gabbana, Valentino, Versace, Hugo Boss, Guerlain, Bottega Veneta, De Beers, Escada, GAP, Gianfranco Ferre, and Neiman Marcus. In August 2005, she was named spokesmodel for the Calvin Klein "Eternity" fragrance campaign, replacing American actress Scarlett Johansson, and, in April 2006, she signed a three-year contract with L'Oréal Paris. Kroes can currently be seen in the company's commercials alongside Eva Longoria and Kerry Washington.

In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers and was featured on the cover of the May 2007 issue with Hilary Rhoda, Caroline Trentini, Raquel Zimmermann, Sasha Pivovarova, Agyness Deyn, Coco Rocha, Jessica Stam, Chanel Iman, and Lily Donaldson as the new crop of "supermodels." Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli Calendar.

In July 2007, earning at an estimated total of $4.9 million in the past twelve months, Forbes named Kroes fourteenth in the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels. In April 2008, she soared to the fifth position, with an estimated income of $6 million.. In May 2009 Forbes named Kroes fifth again in the list of the World's 15 Top- Earning Supermodels.

Kroes also is in the official Frisian provincial campaign for the West Frisian language which is her mother tongue.

In 2006, Omrop Fryslan made a documentary about Kroes. Piter Claus follows Kroes during the fashion week in Milan. The documentary won a NL-Award for best regional documentary.

Doutzen Kroes received the Lifetime Achievement Award, part of the Dutch Model Awards, that she has won in Amsterdam, on May 12, 2009. The jury praised her achievements at her age.

At the end of August 2008, Victoria's Secret confirmed to People magazine that Kroes was to be the newest Victoria's Secret Angel. Her first campaign as the brand's newest Angel is "Supermodel Obsession", alongside Adriana Lima. She was recently signed to be the new face for Swiss cashmere label Repeat for two years.

Currently, she is signed by DNA Model Management.

In the Amsterdam branch of Madame Tussaud's wax museum, there is a wax figure of Kroes.

Karen_Mulder_Vogue_Magazine

2012-01-20T16:58:00.001-08:00

Karen_Mulder_Vogue_Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Karen Mulder, (born June 1, 1968 in Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands) is a Dutch former model.

==Career==
Raised in Den Haag and Voorburg, Mulder's father, Ben, is a tax inspector and her mother, Marijke, is a secretary. Mulder has a younger sister, Saskia, who became an actress after a stint studying economics. In 1985, her family went on a camping trip in the south of France. She saw an ad for Elite Model Management's "Look of the Year" contest in a newspaper. A friend took some photographs she had of her and sent them to Elite without her knowledge. She won the preliminary contest in Amsterdam, and was sent to the finals of the contest, placing second. She soon went to Paris for her first modeling shoot. She then left high school to travel to Italy with her mother for a formal photo shoot, and then to Paris for modeling school, where Elite took over her career.[citation needed]

By her second year on the runway, she was modeling for Valentino, Yves Saint Laurent, Lanvin, Versace, and Giorgio Armani. She appeared on the cover of Vogue and before long, landed a contract for Guess in 1991, when she was 21 years old. She soon appeared on the cover of British Vogue and in a Nivea advertising campaign.

Other campaigns she appeared in included Calvin Klein, Claude Montana, Ralph Lauren, Yves Saint-Laurent's Rive Gauche fragrance, as well as Guerlain, Chloé, Revlon, Jacques Fath, Gianfranco Ferré, Gianni Versace, Chanel and Hervé Léger. Karen has worked with some of the greatest fashion photographers, including Javier Vallhonrat, Peter Lindbergh, Patrick Demarchelier, Bruce Weber, Helmut Newton, Max Vadukul, Gilles Bensimon, Fabrizio Ferri, Steven Meisel, Irving Penn, Robert Erdmann, and Arthur Elgort.

One of the first issues of Top Model magazine was entirely devoted to Mulder along with an entire issue of Italian Vogue. Her two appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1997 and 1998 and her poses for the Victoria's Secret catalogue increased Mulder's profile.

Called "The Blonde With Class" by Vogue editors,[citation needed] she went on to share catwalks with models such as Kate Moss, Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, and Naomi Campbell. At one point in her career she was earning up to £10,000 a day. Mulder retired from modeling in 2000.

Afterwards, she tried other career paths. She branched out into acting, making her debut in the French short film A Theft, One Night in 2001. She also pursued a career in music but had limited success. Her first effort at establishing a music career was her cover version of Gloria Gaynor's "I Am What I Am", which appeared on the French music charts for a time in the summer of 2002.

==Personal life==
In 1988, at the age of 18, Mulder married French photographer René Bosne. By 1993, her marriage had fallen apart and they divorced. Mulder says her life changed in 1993 when she was shuttling from airport to airport with almost no time at home. She then met real estate developer Jean-Yves Le Fur in the waiting area of a Paris airport. Soon they became engaged.

Le Fur began to manage Mulder's off-the-runway career. In 1995, he collaborated with Hasbro on a Karen Mulder doll, which spurred development of an entire line of dolls modeled on the day's supermodels. Le Fur and Mulder then did an infomercial and video. Mulder's favorite project she worked on was a beauty and fashion CD-ROM, in which she gave makeup, beauty, and exercise tips. In 1995, she bought a château in France and set up a scheme to provide holidays there for underprivileged children.

Depression, breakdown, and suicide attempt
On October 31, 2001, Mulder claimed during a taping of the French channel France 2 show Tout le Monde en Parle (Everyone is Talking About It) hosted by Thierry Ardisson, and with a live audience in the studio, that various people, including top executives at her former agency, Elite, and Prince Albert of Monaco, had tried to rape her. Moreover, Mulder said that her own father had hypnotized her from the age of two and then raped her. The producers of the show deemed her emotionally unstable and did not broadcast the interview. Not only was the show never aired, but the entire recording was erased.

Days later, Mulder repeated her allegations, this time to a weekly magazine in an interview conducted in her Paris apartment. Within hours of the interview, her sister Saskia arrived and took her to Villa Montsouris, a psychiatric hospital specializing in such disorders as depression, anxiety, and delirium, where she stayed for five months. The stay reportedly was paid for by Elite models president Gerald Marie, an old friend of hers and one of the accused. (It came after the BBC caught Marie on hidden camera trying to give a 15-year-old model £300 for sex, and bragging Elite Model Look competitors he would sleep with that year.)

On December 11, 2002, after suffering for years from chronic depression, Mulder went into a coma after she overdosed on sleeping pills in an apparent suicide attempt.[3] She left no note. She was rushed to the American Hospital in Neuilly after neighbors found her passed out on the floor of the Paris apartment on exclusive Avenue Montaigne where she was staying with friends. Mulder's parents flew from the Netherlands to be by her side along with former fiancé Jean-Yves Le Fur. Le Fur was reportedly one of the people who found Mulder unconscious after arriving at the apartment after Mulder had not answered several of his telephone calls. She awoke from her coma the next day.

==Rebound==
In the summer of 2004, Mulder decided to re-enter the music industry. She worked with Daniel Chenevez of the Niagara group to create the self titled CD Karen Mulder. She gave birth to a daughter, Anna, on October 30, 2006.

On July 1, 2007 she returned to the catwalk at the Dior Autumn/Winter 07/08 Couture Collection in Paris, modelling alongside Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Helena Christensen, Amber Valletta, Shalom Harlow and Stella Tennant.

On July 1, 2009, the Daily Mail reported that Mulder was arrested in Paris for threatening to attack her plastic surgeon.

Heidi Klum Ladies Home Journal Magazine

2012-01-20T16:53:00.001-08:00

Heidi Klum Ladies Home Journal Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Heidi Klum Biography

Birth name Heidi Klum
Date of birth June 1, 1973 (1973-06-01) (age 36)
Place of birth Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Federal Republic of Germany
Height 5 ft 9.25 in (1.76 m)[1]
Measurements 91-69-94 (EU) / 36-28-37 (US & GB)
Weight 58 kg (130 lb) (formerly 54 kg (120 lb))
Spouse(s) Ric Pipino (1997 - 2002)
Seal (2005 - present)

Heidi Klum , born June 1, 1973) is a German model, actress, television host, business woman, fashion designer, television producer, artist, and occasional singer. She is married to singer Seal.

==Early life and discovery==
Heidi was raised by her parents: Günther, a cosmetics-company executive; and Erna, a hairdresser; in Bergisch Gladbach, West Germany, a small city outside Cologne. A friend persuaded her to enroll in a national modeling contest called "Model 92". Out of 25,000 contestants, Klum was voted the winner on April 29, 1992 and offered a modeling contract worth US$300,000 by Thomas Zeumer, CEO of Metropolitan Models New York. As the winner, she appeared on the Gottschalk Late Night Show, a top German television show with host Thomas Gottschalk. She accepted the contract a few months later after graduating from school and decided not to try for an apprentice position at a fashion design school.

==Acting and modeling==
Klum has been on the cover of fashion magazines, including Vogue, ELLE and Marie Claire. She became known after appearing on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and for her work with Victoria's Secret as an "Angel." In addition to working with world class photographers on her Sports Illustrated shoots, she was the object and subject of Joanne Gair body painting works in several editions from 1999 to 2006. She wrote the foreword to Gair's book of body paint work. She was a spokesmodel for McDonald's, Braun, H & M, and Liz Claiborne, among others. She is currently a celebrity spokesmodel for Jordache and Volkswagen. In addition to modeling, she has appeared in several TV shows, including Spin City, Sex and the City, Yes, Dear, and How I Met Your Mother. She had a role as an ill-tempered hair model in the movie Blow Dry, played a giantess in the movie Ella Enchanted and was cast as Ursula Andress in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. She had cameo appearances in The Devil Wears Prada and Perfect Stranger.

In July 2007, having earned $8 million in the previous 12 months, Klum was named by Forbes as third on the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels. In 2008, Forbes estimated her income at $14 million, putting Klum in second place. For 2009, Forbes estimated her income at $16 million. Klum is signed to IMG Models in New York City.

==Project Runway==
Project Runway season three finalist Laura Bennett interviews Heidi and Seal at the 59th Emmy Awards.

In December 2004, she became the host, judge and executive producer of the reality show Project Runway on the U.S. cable television channel Bravo, in which fashion designers compete for the opportunity to show their line at New York Fashion Week and receive money to launch their own fashion line. She received an Emmy Award nomination for the show for each of the first four seasons. In 2008, Klum and Project Runway received a Peabody Award, the first time a reality show won the award. Klum was nominated for an Emmy in 2008 for "outstanding host of a reality or reality-competition show" for Project Runway, the first year that category was recognized by the Emmys.

==Designing and perfume==
Klum designed clothing lines (one for men), featured in the German mail-order catalog "Otto." She designed shoes for Birkenstock, jewellery for Mouawad, a clothing line for Jordache, and swimsuits featured in the 2002 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She was one of the designers of the Victoria's Secret lingerie line "The Body", named after the nickname she received following her first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show appearance. Her Mouawad jewelry collection debuted on the cable shopping network QVC on September 14, 2006, and 14 of the 16 styles sold out after 36 minutes. A second line of her jewelry collection debuted on QVC on April 14, 2007, with similar success.[citation needed]Klum's clothing line for Jordache launched on April 30, 2008.

Klum has two fragrances, called "Heidi Klum" and "Me". She designed makeup for Victoria's Secret as part of their "Very Sexy Makeup Collection", titled "The Heidi Klum Collection". The first run debuted in Fall 2007. A second run was released in Fall 2008.

Klum was involved in the development of a namesake rose, the Heidi Klum rose, which is available in Germany.

For the 2008 US Open, Klum designed a screen print t-shirt which was sold at the US Open shop. It featured child-like butterfly pictures. Proceeds will go to a non-profit organization maintaining the park which is home to the US Open.

Germany's Next Topmodel
Germany's Next Topmodel is a German reality television show, which pits contestants against each other in a variety of competitions to determine who will win a modeling contract with IMG. Klum is the host, a judge, and co-producer of the show (along with model Tyra Banks). Season winners are Lena Gercke, Barbara Meier, Jennifer Hof and Sara Nuru. All four seasons aired on the German TV station ProSieben.

Other
Klum is an artist and had several of her paintings appear in various art magazines in the U.S. On September 27, 2002 she dedicated a sculpture she painted called "Dog with Butterflies" to commemorate the role of rescue dogs in the aftermath of September 11.

In 2004, Klum co-authored Heidi Klum's Body of Knowledge with Elle magazine editor Alexandra Postman. The book gives Klum's biography as well as her advice on becoming successful. Prior to that, Klum had been an occasional guest columnist for the German television network RTL's website. She wrote an essay for the German newspaper Die Zeit.

Klum's other projects have included music and video games. She is featured in the 2004 James Bond video game Everything or Nothing, where she plays the villain Dr. Katya Nadanova. She has appeared in several music videos, including Jamiroquai's video "Love Foolosophy" from their album A Funk Odyssey, and Kelis's "Young, Fresh n' New," off her second 2001 album Wanderland.

In early 2009, Klum ventured into web-based videos, starring in "SPIKED HEEL: Supermodels Battle the Forces of Evil". The web-series starred model Coco Rocha and was directed by fashion documentarian Doug Keeve. In the story, Klum aka 'The Kluminator,' and her stylish sidekick Coco The Sassy Superhero Rocha battle the evil Dr. Faux Pas who is plotting to destroy Fashion Week. The heroines employ everything from blow-dryer guns to fist fights, in order to thwart Dr. Faux Pas' dastardly plans. The Kluminator and Girl Wonder avoid a chain of fashion disasters to neutralize a death ray that threatens to vaporize the community of fashionistas gathered in Bryant Park.

In November 2006, Klum released her debut single "Wonderland," written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer "Douglas." Proceeds were given to a children's charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach. She contributed to her husband Seal's 2007 album System, singing the duet "Wedding Day", a song that Seal wrote for their wedding.

In 2008, Klum was a featured guest on an American Volkswagen commercial, where she was interviewed by a black Beetle. When she commented that German engineering is so sexy, she caused the Beetle to blush and turn red. She has been a part of several commercials for Volkswagen and McDonald's on German television.

In November 2008, Klum appeared in two versions of a Guitar Hero World Tour commercial, where she did a take on a Tom Cruise scene in Risky Business. In both versions, she lip-synced to Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock and Roll" while dancing around the living room with the wireless guitar controller; the director's cut, however, had her strip to her underwear halfway through the commercial and was broadcast only after prime time.

Klum is a "Real Celebrity" on the website Stardoll. On Stardoll Klum has a line of virtual jewelry, and a virtual clothing line called Jordache. Users can go to Klum's suite and interact with her by doing interviews, sending pending requests or dressing Klum's doll.

In what some pundits saw as a heavy-handed approach by Klum's lawyers, an unemployed Chemnitz butcher, who used Klum's picture in advertising for a local dance on a flyer and a web page, contested her subsequent takedown notice in court and lost, forcing him to pay court costs of 2300. A German actress has pledged to pay on his behalf.

On April 1, 2009, Klum appeared on the CBS television special, I Get That a Lot, as a girl working at a pizza shop.

==Personal life==
Klum married stylist Ric Pipino in 1997; the couple divorced in 2002. Following the divorce, she dated Flavio Briatore. In the autumn of 2003, Klum announced she was pregnant by Briatore. The same day she made this announcement, Briatore was photographed kissing Fiona Swarovski, a jewelry heiress. Klum and Briatore split shortly thereafter.

Klum gave birth to her first child, Helene "Leni" Boshoven Klum on May 4, 2004 in New York City, New York. According to Klum, Briatore, Leni's biological father, is not involved in the child's life; she has stated emphatically that "Seal is Leni's father."

In early 2004, while still pregnant, Klum began a relationship with musician Seal. Klum and Seal married on May 10, 2005, on a beach in Mexico. They have three biological children together: sons Henry Gunther Ademola Dashtu Samuel (born September 15, 2005) and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel (born November 22, 2006) and daughter Lou Sulola Samuel (born October 9, 2009).

On hearing her family referred to as a "patchwork family," Klum said, "I'm not white, I'm a shade of brown," and added, "We're all different shades and we came together and we all love each other...it's actually kind of nice to have a 'patchwork family'." However, the phrase "patchwork family" does not refer to a multiracial family but is a german term to describe a modern stepfamily.

In 2008, Klum became a naturalized American citizen.

On October 5, 2009, Klum filed a petition to change her name to Heidi Samuel.

==Filmography==
Year Film Role
1998 54 VIP Patron
2001 Blow Dry Jasmine
2004 Ella Enchanted Brumhilda
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers Ursula Andress
2003 Blue Collar Comedy Tour Victoria's Secret Sales Girl
2006 The Devil Wears Prada Herself
2007 Perfect Stranger Victoria's Secret Party Host

Heidi Klum appeared in episodes of TV shows like Malcolm in the Middle (as a toothless hockey player) and Cursed. She has also guest-starred as herself in I Get That a Lot, Spin City, Sex and the City, CSI: Miami, How I Met Your Mother and Yes, Dear. Further, the character of Katya Nadanova in the video game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing is modeled after her and features her voice.

Heidi Klum Sky Magazine

2012-01-20T16:49:00.001-08:00

Heidi Klum Sky Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Heidi Klum Vogue Magazine

2012-01-20T16:44:00.001-08:00

Heidi Klum Vogue Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Frederique Van Der Wal Cosmopolitan Magazine

2012-01-20T16:40:00.001-08:00

Frederique Van Der Wal Cosmopolitan Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Frederique van der Wal Biography

Date of birth August 30, 1967 (1967-08-30) (age 42)
Place of birth The Hague, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
Height 5'10" (178 cm)
Hair color blonde
Eye color blue-green
Measurements 91 cm(36C)-62 cm(24.5 in)-91 cm(36 in)
Weight 125 lb (57 kg)
Dress size 8
This is a Dutch name; the family name is van der Wal, not Wal.
Frederique van der Wal (also Frédérique van der Wal) (born August 30, 1967) is a Dutch model, best known for her appearances in Sports Illustrated, Cosmopolitan, and Victoria's Secret. Van der Wal grew up in the city of the Hague. She attended college in The Netherlands and earned a bachelor's degree in economics. She manages her own financial affairs and businesses.

==Career==
Van der Wal has appeared on many magazine covers and in many catalogs. She started her career with Victoria's Secret in 1989. She now has her own line of clothing and fragrances. Van der Wal received the Lifetime Achievement Award, part of the Dutch Model Awards, on May 22, 2008 in Amsterdam. In 2005 Frederique had a lily named after her: Frederique's Choice. Since then she has started the world's first brand of flowers under the name Frederique's Choice, which saw its official launch in 2008.

Van der Wal has also appeared in several movies and television shows, most notably on the Travel Channel. Film credits of hers include Wild Wild West starring Will Smith in which she played Amazonia, and Woody Allen's Celebrity as a friend of the supermodel played by Charlize Theron. Van der Wal also had cameos in films such as 54 and The Million Dollar Hotel.

Van der Wal was a contestant on ABC's Celebrity Mole: Hawaii, on which she was "the Mole" - the rogue player hired by the producers to sabotage the player's money-earning efforts. She also hosted TLC's make-over show Cover Shot.

Van der Wal has a daughter with screenwriter Nicholas Klein, called Scyler Pim Klein.

==Filmography==
2000 The Million Dollar Hotel as Diamond Woman (Cameo)

1999 The Venice Project as Alana/Lucrezia

1999 Wild Wild West as Amazonia

1998 Celebrity as Friend Of Supermodel

1998 54 as VIP Patron (Cameo)

1997 Two Girls and a Guy as Carol

1995 Burnzy's Last Call as Gertrude

Marilyn Monroe Hollywood Actress Biography

2012-01-20T16:29:00.001-08:00

Marilyn Monroe Hollywood Actress Biography, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.

Marilyn Monroe Biography

Born Norma Jeane Mortenson
June 1, 1926(1926-06-01)
Los Angeles, California, United States
DiedAugust 5, 1962 (aged 36)
Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, United States
Other name(s)Norma Jeane Baker
Norma Jeane Dougherty
Norma Jeane DiMaggio
OccupationActress, model, film producer, singer
Years active 1947 - 1962
Spouse(s)James Dougherty (m. 1942 - 1946)
Joe DiMaggio (m. 1954 - 1954)
Arthur Miller (m. 1956 - 1961)
Marilyn Monroe(June 1, 1926 - August 5, 1962), born Norma Jeane
Mortenson, but baptized Norma Jeane Baker, was an American actress, singer and
model. After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a
career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Her early film
appearances were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About
Eve (both 1950) were well received. By 1953, Monroe had progressed to leading
roles. Her "dumb blonde" persona was used to comedic effect in such films as
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) and The Seven
Year Itch (1955). Limited by typecasting, Monroe studied at the Actors Studio to
broaden her range, and her dramatic performance in Bus Stop (1956) was hailed by
critics. Her production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions, released The Prince
and the Showgirl (1957), for which she received a BAFTA Award nomination, and
she received a Golden Globe Award for her performance in Some Like It Hot
(1959).
The final years of Monroe's life were marked by illness, personal problems, and
a reputation for being unreliable and difficult to work with. The circumstances
of her death, from an overdose of barbiturates, have been the subject of
conjecture. Though officially classified as a "probable suicide," the
possibility of an accidental overdose, as well as the possibility of homicide,
have not been ruled out. In 1999, Monroe was ranked as the sixth greatest female
star of all time by the American Film Institute.
In the years and decades following her death, Monroe has often been cited as a
pop and cultural icon.
Contents
1 Family and early life
2 Career
2.1 Modeling and early film work
2.1.1 20th Century Fox contract
2.1.2 Columbia Pictures contract
2.1.3 Other work
2.2 Career development
2.2.1 Film success
2.2.2 Niagara
2.3 Mainstream success
2.3.1 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
2.3.2 How to Marry a Millionaire
2.3.3 Acting ambitions
2.3.4 The Seven Year Itch
2.4 Acting career evolves
2.4.1 The Actors Studio
2.4.2 20th Century Fox return
2.4.3 Bus Stop
2.4.4 The Prince and the Showgirl
2.5 Later films
2.5.1 Some Like it Hot
2.5.2 Let's Make Love
2.5.3 The Misfits
2.5.4 Something's Got to Give
2.6 New directions
3 Death and aftermath
3.1 Administration of estate
4 Personal life
4.1 James Dougherty
4.2 Joe DiMaggio
4.3 Arthur Miller
4.4 The Kennedys
4.5 Psychoanalysis
5 Filmography
6 Songs
7 Awards and nominations

Family and early life
Main article: Early life of Marilyn Monroe
Monroe was born in the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1, 1926, as Norma
Jeane Mortenson (soon after changed to Baker), the third child born to Gladys
Pearl Baker, Monroe (1902 - 1984).
Monroe's birth certificate names the father as Martin Edward Mortensen with his
residence stated as "unknown". The name Mortenson is listed as her surname on
the birth certificate, although Gladys immediately had it changed to Baker, the
surname of her first husband and which she still used. Martin's surname was
misspelled on the birth certificate leading to more confusion on who her actual
father was. Gladys Baker had married a Martin E. Mortensen in 1924, but they had
separated before Gladys' pregnancy. Several of Monroe's biographers suggest
that Gladys Baker used his name to avoid the stigma of illegitimacy.
Mortensen died at the age of 85, and Monroe's birth certificate, together with
her parents' marriage and divorce documents, were discovered. The documents
showed that Mortensen filed for divorce from Gladys on March 5, 1927, and it was
finalized on October 15, 1928.
Throughout her life, Marilyn Monroe denied that Mortensen was her father. She
said that, when she was a child, she had been shown a photograph of a man that
Gladys identified as her father, Charles Stanley Gifford. She remembered that he
had a thin mustache and somewhat resembled Clark Gable, and that she had amused
herself by pretending that Gable was her father.
Gladys was mentally unstable and financially unable to care for the young Norma
Jeane, so she placed her with foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender of
Hawthorne, California, where she lived until she was seven.
While living with the Bolenders, an unusual incident occurred. One day, Gladys
came to the Bolenders and demanded that Norma Jeane be released back into her
care. Ida knew that Gladys was unstable at the time and insisted that this
situation would not benefit Norma Jeane. Unwilling to cooperate, Gladys managed
to pull Ida into the yard while she ran inside the house, locking the door
behind her. After several minutes, Gladys walked out of the front door with one
of Albert Bolender's military duffel bags. To Ida's horror, Gladys had stuffed
the now screaming Norma Jeane inside the bag, zipped it up, and proceeded to
leave the house. Ida charged towards Gladys and the quarrel resulted in the bag
splitting open. Norma Jeane fell out and began weeping loudly as Ida grabbed her
and pulled her back inside the house, away from Gladys. This was just one of the
many bizarre exchanges between young Norma Jeane and her disturbed mother.
In 1933, Gladys bought a house and brought Norma Jeane to live with her. A few
months after moving in, however, Gladys suffered a mental breakdown, beginning a
series of mental episodes that would plague her for the rest of her life. In My
Story, Monroe recalls her mother "screaming and laughing" as she was forcibly
removed to the State Hospital in Norwalk. Norma Jeane was declared a ward of the
state, and Gladys' best friend, Grace McKee, became her guardian. It was Grace
who had told Monroe that someday she would become a movie star. Grace was
captivated by Jean Harlow, and would let Norma Jeane wear makeup and take her
out to get her hair curled. They would go to the movies together, forming the
basis for Norma Jeane's fascination with the cinema and the stars on screen.
Grace McKee married Ervin Silliman (Doc) Goddard in 1935, and nine-year-old
Norma Jeane was sent to the Los Angeles Orphans Home (later renamed Hollygrove),
and then to a succession of foster homes. During the time at Hollygrove,
several families were interested in adopting her; however, reluctance on Gladys'
part to sign adoption papers thwarted those attempts. In 1937, Grace took Norma
Jeane back to live with her, Goddard, and one of Goddard's daughters from a
previous marriage. This arrangement did not last for long, as Doc Goddard
attempted on several occasions to sexually assault her. Disturbed by this, Grace
sent her to live with her great-aunt, Olive Brunings in Compton, California.
This arrangement also did not last long, as 12-year-old Norma Jeane was
assaulted (some reports say sexually) by one of Olive's sons. Biographers and
psychologists have questioned whether at least some of Norma Jeane's later
behavior (i.e. hypersexuality, sleep disturbances, substance abuse, disturbed
interpersonal relationships), was a manifestation of the effects of childhood
sexual abuse in the context of her already problematic relationships with her
psychiatrically ill mother and subsequent caregivers. In early 1938,
Grace sent her to live with yet another one of her aunts, Ana Lower, who lived
in the Van Nuys section of Los Angeles. The time with Lower provided the young
Norma Jeane with one of the few stable periods in her life. Years later, she
would reflect fondly about the time that she spent with Lower, whom she
affectionately called "Aunt Ana." Unfortunately, by 1942, the elderly Lower
developed serious health problems, and thus Norma Jeane went back to live with
the Goddards. It was there where she met a neighbor's son, James Dougherty, and
began a relationship with him.
Her time with the Goddards would once again prove to be short. At the end of
1942, Grace and Doc decided to relocate to Virginia, where Doc had received a
lucrative job offer. The Goddards decided not to take Norma Jeane with them (the
reasoning why was never made clear); thus Grace needed to find a home for her
before they moved. An offer from a neighborhood family to adopt Norma Jeane was
proposed but Gladys still would not allow it. With few options left, Grace
approached Dougherty's mother and suggested that Jim marry her so that she would
not have to return to an orphanage or foster care. Dougherty was initially
reluctant because Norma Jeane was only sixteen years old, but he finally
relented and married her in a ceremony, arranged by Ana Lower, after graduating
from high school in June 1942. Monroe would state in her autobiography that she
did not feel like a wife; she enjoyed playing with the neighborhood children
until her husband would call her home. In 1943, with World War II raging,
Dougherty enlisted in the Merchant Marine and was shipped out to the Pacific.
Frightened that he might not come back alive, Norma Jeane begged him to try and
get her pregnant before he left. Dougherty disagreed, feeling that she was too
young to have a baby, but he promised that they would revisit the subject when
he returned home. After he shipped out, Norma Jeane moved in with Dougherty's
mother.

Career
Modeling and early film work
Mrs. Norma Jeane Dougherty, Yank Magazine, 1945While Dougherty was in the
Merchant Marine, Norma Jeane found employment in the Radioplane Munitions
Factory. She sprayed airplane parts with fire retardant and inspected
parachutes. During this time, Army photographer David Conover snapped a
photograph of her for a Yank magazine article. He encouraged her to apply to The
Blue Book Modeling Agency. She signed with the agency and began researching the
work of Jean Harlow and Lana Turner. She was told that they were looking for
models with lighter hair, so Norma Jeane bleached her brunette hair to a golden
blonde.
Norma Jeane Dougherty became one of Blue Book's most successful models,
appearing on dozens of magazine covers. Jim Dougherty was oblivious of his
wife's new job and only became aware of it when he discovered a shipmate of his
admiring a photo of a sexy model in a magazine who turned out to be Norma Jeane.
Dougherty wrote her several letters telling her that once he returned from
service, she would have to give up her modeling. A dissatisfied Norma Jeane, who
now saw the possibilities of a modeling and acting career, decided then to
divorce Dougherty. The marriage ended when he returned from overseas in 1946.
20th Century Fox contract
Her successful modeling career brought her to the attention of Ben Lyon, a 20th
Century Fox executive, who arranged a screen test for her. Lyon was impressed
and commented, "It's Jean Harlow all over again." She was offered a standard
six-month contract with a starting salary of $125 per week. Lyon did not like
her name and chose "Carole Lind" as a stagename, after Carole Lombard and Jenny
Lind, but he soon decided it was not an appropriate choice. Norma Jeane was
invited to spend the weekend with Lyon and his wife Bebe Daniels at their home.
It was there that they decided to find her a new name. Following her idol Jean
Harlow, Norma Jeane decided to choose her mother's maiden name of Monroe.
Several variations such as Norma Jeane Monroe and Norma Monroe were tried and
initially "Jeane Monroe" was chosen. Eventually Lyon decided that he wanted her
to have a new name as there were many actresses with the name Jean, or a
variation of it such as Jean Peters, Gene Tierney, Jeanne Crain, and Jean
Arthur. Wanting a more alliterative sounding name, Lyon suggested "Marilyn,"
commenting that she reminded him of Marilyn Miller, the sexy 1920's Broadway
actress. Norma Jeane was initially hesitant due to the fact that Marilyn was the
contraction of the name Mary Lynn, a name she did not like. Lyon, however, felt
that the name "Marilyn Monroe" was sexy, had a "nice flow," and would be "lucky"
due to the double "M" and thus Norma Jeane Baker took the name Marilyn
Monroe.
She appeared in Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! and Dangerous Years (both 1947), but
when her contract was not renewed, she returned to modeling. She attempted to
find opportunities for film work, and while unemployed, she posed for nude
photographs. That year, she was also crowned the first "Miss California
Artichoke Queen" at the annual artichoke festival in Castroville.
Columbia Pictures contract
In 1948, Monroe signed a six-month contract with Columbia Pictures and was
introduced to the studio's head drama coach Natasha Lytess, who became her
acting coach for several years. She starred in the low-budget musical Ladies
of the Chorus, but the film was not a success, and her contract was not
renewed. During her short stint at Columbia, studio head Harry Cohn softened
her appearance somewhat by correcting a slight overbite she had. In addition, he
had her golden brownish-blonde hair lightened to platinum blonde.

Other work
in The Asphalt Jungle (1950)She had a small role in the Marx Brothers film Love
Happy (1949). She impressed the producers, who sent her to New York to feature
in the film's promotional campaign. Love Happy brought Monroe to the
attention of the talent agent, Johnny Hyde, who agreed to represent her. He
arranged for her to audition for John Huston, who cast her in the drama The
Asphalt Jungle as the young mistress of an aging criminal. Her performance
brought strong reviews, and was seen by the writer and director, Joseph
Mankiewicz. He accepted Hyde's suggestion of Monroe for a small comedic role in
All About Eve as Miss Caswell, an aspiring actress, described by another
character as a student of "The Copacabana School of Dramatic Art". Mankiewicz
later commented that he had seen an innocence in her that he found appealing,
and that this had confirmed his belief in her suitability for the role.
Following Monroe's success in these roles, Hyde negotiated a seven-year contract
for her with 20th Century Fox, shortly before his death in December 1950. It
was at some time during this 1949 - 50 period that Hyde arranged for her to have a
slight bump of cartilage removed from her somewhat bulbous nose which further
softened her appearance and accounts for the slight variation in look she had in
films after 1950.
Monroe enrolled at UCLA in 1951 where she studied literature and art
appreciation, and appeared in several minor films playing opposite such
long-established performers as Mickey Rooney, Constance Bennett, June Allyson,
Dick Powell and Claudette Colbert. In March 1951, she appeared as a
presenter at the 23rd Academy Awards ceremony.
In 1952, Monroe appeared on the cover of Look magazine wearing a Georgia Tech
sweater as part of an article celebrating female enrollment to the school's main
campus.
In the early 1950s, Monroe and Gregg Palmer both unsuccessfully auditioned for
roles as Daisy Mae and Abner in a proposed Li'l Abner television series based on
the Al Capp comic strip, but the effort never materialized.

Career development
First issue of PlayboyIn March 1952, Monroe faced a possible scandal when one of
her nude photos from a 1949 session with photographer Tom Kelley was featured in
a calendar. The press speculated about the identity of the anonymous model and
commented that she closely resembled Monroe. As the studio discussed how to deal
with the problem, Monroe suggested that she should simply admit that she had
posed for the photograph but that she should emphasize that she had done so only
because she had no money to pay her rent. She gave an interview in which she
discussed the circumstances that led to her posing for the photographs, and the
resulting publicity elicited a degree of sympathy for her plight as a struggling
actress.
She made her first appearance on the cover of Life magazine in April 1952, where
she was described as "The Talk of Hollywood". Stories of her childhood and
upbringing portrayed her in a sympathetic light: a cover story for the May 1952
edition of True Experiences magazine showed a smiling and wholesome Monroe
beside a caption that read, "Do I look happy? I should â€” for I was a child
nobody wanted. A lonely girl with a dream who awakened to find that dream come
true. I am Marilyn Monroe. Read my Cinderella story." It was also during
this time that she began dating baseball player Joe DiMaggio. A photograph of
DiMaggio visiting Monroe at the 20th Century Fox studio was printed in
newspapers throughout the United States, and reports of a developing romance
between them generated further interest in Monroe.

Film success
with Keith Andes in Clash by Night (1952)Over the following months, four films
in which Monroe featured were released. She had been lent to RKO Studios to
appear in a supporting role in Clash by Night, a Barbara Stanwyck drama,
directed by Fritz Lang. Released in June 1952, the film was popular with
audiences, with much of its success credited to curiosity about Monroe, who
received generally favorable reviews from critics.
This was followed by two films released in July, the comedy We're Not Married,
and the drama Don't Bother to Knock. We're Not Married featured Monroe as a
beauty pageant contestant. Variety described the film as "lightweight". Its
reviewer commented that Monroe was featured to full advantage in a bathing suit,
and that some of her scenes suggested a degree of exploitation. In Don't
Bother to Knock she played the starring role of a babysitter who threatens
to attack the child in her care. The downbeat melodrama was poorly reviewed,
although Monroe commented that it contained some of her strongest dramatic
acting. Monkey Business, a comedy directed by Howard Hawks starring Cary
Grant and Ginger Rogers, was released in September. It achieved good ticket
sales despite weak reviews. In O. Henry's Full House for 20th Century Fox,
released in August 1952, Monroe had a single one-minute scene with Charles
Laughton yet received top billing alongside him and the film's other stars,
including Anne Baxter, Farley Granger, Jean Peters and Richard Widmark.

Niagara
As Rose in NiagaraDarryl F. Zanuck considered that Monroe's film potential was
worth developing and cast her in Niagara, as a femme fatale scheming to murder
her husband, played by Joseph Cotten. During filming, Monroe's make-up
artist Whitey Snyder noticed her stage fright (that would ultimately mark her
behavior on film sets throughout her career); the director assigned him to spend
hours gently coaxing and comforting Monroe as she prepared to film her
scenes.
Much of the critical commentary following the release of the film focused on
Monroe's overtly sexual performance, and a scene which shows Monroe (from
the back) making a long walk toward Niagara Falls received frequent note in
reviews. After seeing the film, Constance Bennett reportedly quipped,
"There's a broad with her future behind her." Whitey Snyder also commented
that it was during preparation for this film, after much experimentation, that
Monroe achieved "the look, and we used that look for several pictures in a row
... the look was established."
While the film was a success, and Monroe's performance had positive reviews, her
conduct at promotional events sometimes drew negative comments. Her appearance
at the Photoplay awards dinner in a skin-tight gold lamÃ© dress was criticized.
Louella Parsons' newspaper column quoted Joan Crawford discussing Monroe's
"vulgarity" and describing her behavior as "unbecoming an actress and a
lady". Monroe had previously received criticism for wearing a dress with a
neckline cut almost to her navel when she acted as Grand Marshall at the Miss
America Parade in September 1952. A photograph from this event was used on
the cover of the first issue of Playboy in December 1953, with a nude photograph
of Monroe, taken in 1949, inside the magazine.

Mainstream success
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Performing "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
(1953)Her next film was Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) co-starring Jane Russell
and directed by Howard Hawks. Her role as Lorelei Lee, a gold-digging showgirl,
required her to act, sing, and dance. The two stars became friends, with Russell
describing Monroe as "very shy and very sweet and far more intelligent than
people gave her credit for". She later recalled that Monroe showed her
dedication by rehearsing her dance routines each evening after most of the crew
had left, but she arrived habitually late on set for filming. Realizing that
Monroe remained in her dressing room due to stage fright, and that Hawks was
growing impatient with her tardiness, Russell started escorting her to the
set.
At the Los Angeles premiere of the film, Monroe and Russell pressed their hand-
and footprints in the cement in the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
Monroe received positive reviews and the film grossed more than double its
production costs. Her rendition of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"
became associated with her. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes also marked one of the
earliest films in which William Travilla dressed Monroe. Travilla dressed Monroe
in eight of her films including Bus Stop, Don't Bother to Knock, How to Marry a
Millionaire, River of No Return, There's No Business Like Show Business, Monkey
Business, and The Seven Year Itch.

How to Marry a Millionaire
How to Marry a Millionaire was a comedy about three models scheming to attract a
wealthy husband. The film teamed Monroe with Betty Grable and Lauren Bacall, and
was directed by Jean Negulesco. The producer and scriptwriter, Nunnally
Johnson, said that it was the first film in which audiences "liked Marilyn for
herself she diagnosed the reason very shrewdly. She said that it was
the only picture she'd been in, in which she had a measure of modesty... about
her own attractiveness."
Monroe's films of this period established her "dumb blonde" persona and
contributed to her popularity. In 1953 and 1954, she was listed in the annual
"Quigley Poll of the Top Ten Money Making Stars", which was compiled from the
votes of movie exhibitors throughout the United States for the stars that had
generated the most revenue in their theaters over the previous year.

Acting ambitions
Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell putting signatures, hand and foot prints in
cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater on June 27, 1953During this time, Monroe
discussed her acting ambitions, telling the New York Times "I want to grow and
develop and play serious dramatic parts. My dramatic coach, Natasha Lytess,
tells everybody that I have a great soul, but so far nobody's interested in
it." She saw a possibility in 20th Century Fox's upcoming film, The
Egyptian, but was rebuffed by Darryl F. Zanuck who refused to screen test
her.
Instead, she was assigned to the western River of No Return, opposite Robert
Mitchum. Director Otto Preminger resented Monroe's reliance on Natasha Lytess,
who coached Monroe and announced her verdict at the end of each scene.
Eventually Monroe refused to speak to Preminger, and Mitchum had to mediate.
Of the finished product, she commented, "I think I deserve a better deal than a
grade Z cowboy movie in which the acting finished second to the scenery and the
CinemaScope process." In late 1953 Monroe was scheduled to begin filming The
Girl in Pink Tights with Frank Sinatra. When she failed to appear for work, 20th
Century Fox suspended her.

Marilyn Monroe, appearing with the USO, poses for soldiers in Korea after a
performance at the 3rd U.S. Inf. Div. area, February 17, 1954.She and Joe
DiMaggio were married in San Francisco on January 14, 1954. They travelled to
Japan soon after, combining a honeymoon with a business trip previously arranged
by DiMaggio. For two weeks she took a secondary role to DiMaggio as he conducted
his business, telling a reporter, "Marriage is my main career from now on."
Monroe then travelled alone to Korea where she performed for 13,000 American
Marines over a three-day period. She later commented that the experience had
helped her overcome a fear of performing in front of large crowds.
Returning to Hollywood in March 1954, Monroe settled her disagreement with 20th
Century Fox and appeared in the musical There's No Business Like Show Business.
The film failed to recover its production costs and was poorly received. Ed
Sullivan described Monroe's performance of the song "Heat Wave" as "one of the
most flagrant violations of good taste" he had witnessed. Time magazine
compared her unfavorably to co-star Ethel Merman, while Bosley Crowther for The
New York Times said that Mitzi Gaynor had surpassed Monroe's "embarrassing to
behold" performance. The reviews echoed Monroe's opinion of the film. She
had made it reluctantly, on the assurance that she would be given the starring
role in the film adaptation of the Broadway hit The Seven Year Itch.

The Seven Year Itch
in The Seven Year Itch (1955)In September 1954, Monroe filmed one of the key
scenes for The Seven Year Itch in New York City. In it, she stands with her
co-star, Tom Ewell, while the air from a subway grating blows her skirt up. A
large crowd watched as director Billy Wilder ordered the scene to be refilmed
many times. Among the crowd was Joe DiMaggio, who was reported to have been
infuriated by the spectacle. After a quarrel, witnessed by journalist Walter
Winchell, the couple returned to California where they avoided the press for two
weeks, until Monroe announced that they had separated. Their divorce was
granted in November 1954. The filming was completed in early 1955, and after
refusing what she considered to be inferior parts in The Girl in the Red Velvet
Swing and How to Be Very, Very Popular, Monroe decided to leave Hollywood on the
advice of Milton Greene.

Acting career evolves
Milton Greene had first met Monroe in 1953 when he was assigned to photograph
her for Look magazine. While many photographers tried to emphasize her sexy
image, Greene presented her in more modest poses, and she was pleased with his
work. As a friendship developed between them, she confided in him her
frustration with her 20th Century Fox contract and the roles she was offered.
Her salary for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes amounted to $18,000, while freelancer
Jane Russell was paid more than $100,000. Greene agreed that she could earn
more by breaking away from 20th Century Fox. He gave up his job in 1954,
mortgaged his home to finance Monroe, and allowed her to live with his family as
they determined the future course of her career.
On April 8, 1955, veteran journalist Edward R. Murrow interviewed Greene and his
wife Amy, as well as Monroe, at the Greene's home in Connecticut on a live
telecast of the CBS program Person to Person. The kinescope of the telecast has
been released on home video.

The Actors Studio
Truman Capote introduced Monroe to Constance Collier, who gave her acting
lessons. She felt that Monroe was not suited to stage acting, but possessed a
"lovely talent" that was "so fragile and subtle, it can only be caught by the
camera". After only a few weeks of lessons, Collier died. Monroe had met
Paula Strasberg and her daughter Susan on the set of There's No Business Like
Show Business, and had previously said that she would like to study with Lee
Strasberg at the Actors Studio. In March 1955, Monroe met with Cheryl Crawford,
one of the founders of the Actors Studio, and convinced her to introduce her to
Lee Strasberg, who interviewed her the following day and agreed to accept her as
a student.
In May 1955, Monroe started dating playwright Arthur Miller; they had met in
Hollywood in 1950 and when Miller discovered she was in New York, he arranged
for a mutual friend to reintroduce them. On June 1, 1955, Monroe's birthday,
Joe DiMaggio accompanied Monroe to the premiere of The Seven Year Itch in New
York City. He later hosted a birthday party for her, but the evening ended with
a public quarrel, and Monroe left the party without him. A lengthy period of
estrangement followed.
Throughout 1955, Monroe studied with the Actors Studio, and found that one of
her biggest obstacles was her severe stage fright. She was befriended by the
actors Kevin McCarthy and Eli Wallach who each recalled her as studious and
sincere in her approach to her studies, and noted that she tried to avoid
attention by sitting quietly in the back of the class. When Strasberg felt
Monroe was ready to give a performance in front of her peers, Monroe and Maureen
Stapleton chose the opening scene from Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie, and
although she had faltered during each rehearsal, she was able to complete the
performance without forgetting her lines. Kim Stanley later recalled that
students were discouraged from applauding, but that Monroe's performance had
resulted in spontaneous applause from the audience. While Monroe was a
student, Lee Strasberg commented, "I have worked with hundreds and hundreds of
actors and actresses, and there are only two that stand out way above the rest.
Number one is Marlon Brando, and the second is Marilyn Monroe."

20th Century Fox return
The Seven Year Itch was released and became a success, earning an estimated $8
million. Monroe received positive reviews for her performance and was in a
strong position to negotiate with 20th Century Fox. On New Year's Eve 1955,
they signed a new contract which required Monroe to make four films over a
seven-year period. The newly formed Marilyn Monroe Productions would be paid
$100,000 plus a share of profits for each film. In addition to being able to
work for other studios, Monroe had the right to reject any script, director or
cinematographer she did not approve of.

Bus Stop
Monroe's dramatic performance as Charie in Bus Stop, a saloon singer with little
talent, marked a departure from her earlier comedies.The first film to be made
under the contract and production company was Bus Stop directed by Joshua Logan.
Logan had studied under Konstantin Stanislavsky, approved of method acting, and
was supportive of Monroe. Monroe severed contact with her drama coach,
Natasha Lytess, replacing her with Paula Strasberg, who became a constant
presence during the filming of Monroe's subsequent films.
In Bus Stop, Monroe played Charie, a saloon singer with little talent who falls
in love with a cowboy. Her costumes, make-up and hair reflected a character who
lacked sophistication, and Monroe provided deliberately mediocre singing and
dancing. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times proclaimed: "Hold on to your
chairs, everybody, and get set for a rattling surprise. Marilyn Monroe has
finally proved herself an actress." In his autobiography, Movie Stars, Real
People and Me, director Logan wrote: "I found Marilyn to be one of the great
talents of all time... she struck me as being a much brighter person than I had
ever imagined, and I think that was the first time I learned that intelligence
and, yes, brilliance have nothing to do with education." Logan championed Monroe
for an Academy Award nomination and complimented her professionalism until the
end of his life. Though not nominated for an Academy Award, she received
a Golden Globe nomination.
During this time, the relationship between Monroe and Miller had developed, and
although the couple were able to maintain their privacy for almost a year, the
press began to write about them as a couple, often referred to as "The
Egghead and The Hourglass". The reports of their romance were soon overtaken
by news that Miller had been called to testify before the House Un-American
Activities Committee to explain his supposed communist affiliations. Called upon
to identify communists he was acquainted with, Miller refused and was charged
with contempt of Congress. He was acquitted on appeal. During the
investigation, Monroe was urged by film executives to abandon Miller, rather
than risk her career but she refused, later branding them as "born cowards".
The press began to discuss an impending marriage, but Monroe and Miller refused
to confirm the rumor. In June 1956, a reporter was following them by car, and as
they attempted to elude him, the reporter's car crashed, killing a female
passenger. Monroe became hysterical upon hearing the news, and their engagement
was announced, partly in the expectation that it would reduce the excessive
media interest they were being subjected to. They were married on June 29,
1956.

The Prince and the Showgirl
In The Prince and the Showgirl (1957), Monroe co-starred with Laurence Olivier,
who also directed the film.Bus Stop was followed by The Prince and the Showgirl
directed by Laurence Olivier, who also co-starred. Prior to filming, Olivier
praised Monroe as "a brilliant comedienne, which to me means she is also an
extremely skilled actress". During filming in England he resented Monroe's
dependence on her drama coach, Paula Strasberg, regarding Strasberg as a fraud
whose only talent was the ability to "butter Marilyn up". He recalled his
attempts at explaining a scene to Monroe, only to hear Strasberg interject,
"Honey” just think of Coca-Cola and Frank Sinatra."
Despite Monroe and Olivier clashing, Olivier later commented that in the film
"Marilyn was quite wonderful, the best of all." Monroe's performance was
hailed by critics, especially in Europe, where she won the David di Donatello,
the Italian equivalent of the Academy Award, as well as the French Crystal Star
Award. She was also nominated for a BAFTA.

Later films
It was more than a year before Monroe began her next film. During her hiatus,
she summered with Miller in Amagansett, Long Island. She suffered a miscarriage
on August 1, 1957.

Some Like it Hot
In Some Like It Hot (1959)With Miller's encouragement she returned to Hollywood
in August 1958 to star in Some Like it Hot. The film was directed by Billy
Wilder and co-starred Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis. Wilder had experienced
Monroe's tardiness, stage fright, and inability to remember lines during
production of The Seven Year Itch. However her behavior was now more hostile,
and was marked by refusals to participate in filming and occasional outbursts of
profanity. Monroe consistently refused to take direction from Wilder, or
insisted on numerous retakes of simple scenes until she was satisfied. She
developed a rapport with Lemmon, but she disliked Curtis after hearing that he
had described their love scenes as "like kissing Hitler". Curtis later
stated that the comment was intended as a joke. During filming, Monroe
discovered that she was pregnant. She suffered another miscarriage in December
1958, as filming was completed.
Some Like it Hot became a resounding success, and was nominated for six Academy
Awards. Monroe was acclaimed for her performance and won the Golden Globe Award
for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Wilder commented that the
film was the biggest success he had ever been associated with. He discussed
the problems he encountered during filming, saying "Marilyn was so difficult
because she was totally unpredictable. I never knew what kind of day we were
going to have... would she be cooperative or obstructive?" He had little
patience with her method acting technique and said that instead of going to the
Actors Studio "she should have gone to a train-engineer's school ... to learn
something about arriving on schedule." Wilder had become ill during filming,
and explained, "We were in mid-flight“ and there was a nut on the plane."
In hindsight, he discussed Monroe's "certain indefinable magic" and "absolute
genius as a comic actress."

Let's Make Love
By this time, Monroe had only completed one film, Bus Stop, under her four
picture contract with 20th Century Fox. She agreed to appear in Let's Make Love,
which was to be directed by George Cukor, but she was not satisfied with the
script, and Arthur Miller rewrote it. Gregory Peck was originally cast in
the male lead role, but he refused the role after Miller's rewrite; Cary Grant,
Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner and Rock Hudson also refused the role before it was
offered to Yves Montand. Monroe and Miller befriended Montand and his wife,
actress Simone Signoret, and filming progressed well until Miller was required
to travel to Europe on business. Monroe began to leave the film set early and on
several occasions failed to attend, but her attitude improved after Montand
confronted her. Signoret returned to Europe to make a film, and Monroe and
Montand began a brief affair that ended when Montand refused to leave
Signoret. The film was not a critical or commercial success.
Monroe's health deteriorated during this period, and she began to see a Los
Angeles psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson. He later recalled that during this
time she frequently complained of insomnia, and told Greenson that she visited
several medical doctors to obtain what Greenson considered an excessive variety
of drugs. He concluded that she was progressing to the point of addiction, but
also noted that she could give up the drugs for extended periods without
suffering any withdrawal symptoms. According to Greenson, the marriage
between Miller and Monroe was strained; he said that Miller appeared to
genuinely care for Monroe and was willing to help her, but that Monroe rebuffed
while also expressing resentment towards him for not doing more to help
her. Greenson stated that his main objective at the time was to enforce a
drastic reduction in Monroe's drug intake.

The Misfits
Monroe in her final completed film, The Misfits (1961)In 1956 Arthur Miller had
lived briefly in Nevada and wrote a short story about some of the local people
he had become acquainted with, a divorced woman and some aging cowboys. By 1960
he had developed the short story into a screenplay, and envisaged it as
containing a suitable role for Monroe. It became her last completed film, The
Misfits, directed by John Huston and costarring Clark Gable, Montgomery Clift,
Eli Wallach and Thelma Ritter. Shooting commenced in July 1960, with most taking
place in the hot Northern Nevada desert. Monroe was frequently ill and
unable to perform, and away from the influence of Dr. Greenson, she had resumed
her consumption of sleeping pills and alcohol. A visitor to the set, Susan
Strasberg, later described Monroe as "mortally injured in some way," and in
August, Monroe was rushed to Los Angeles where she was hospitalized for ten
days. Newspapers reported that she had been near death, although the nature of
her illness was not disclosed. Louella Parsons wrote in her newspaper
column that Monroe was "a very sick girl, much sicker than at first believed,"
and disclosed that she was being treated by a psychiatrist.
Monroe returned to Nevada and completed the film, but she became hostile towards
Arthur Miller, and public arguments were reported by the press. Making the
film had proved to be an arduous experience for the actors; in addition to
Monroe's distress, Montgomery Clift had frequently been unable to perform due to
illness, and by the final day of shooting, Thelma Ritter was in hospital
suffering from exhaustion. Gable, commenting that he felt unwell, left the set
without attending the wrap party. Monroe and Miller returned to New York on
separate flights.
Within ten days Monroe had announced her separation from Miller, and Gable had
died from a heart attack. Gable's widow, Kay, commented to Louella Parsons
that it had been the "eternal waiting" on the set of The Misfits that had
contributed to his death, though she did not name Monroe. When reporters asked
Monroe if she felt guilty about Gable's death, she refused to answer, but
the journalist Sidney Skolsky recalled that privately she expressed regret for
her poor treatment of Gable during filming and described her as being in "a dark
pit of despair." Monroe later attended the christening of the Gables' son,
at the invitation of Kay Gable.
The Misfits received mediocre reviews, and was not a commercial success, though
some praised the performances of Monroe and Gable. Huston later commented
that Monroe's performance was not acting in the true sense, and that she had
drawn from her own experiences to show herself, rather than a character. "She
had no techniques. It was all the truth. It was only Marilyn."
During the following months, Monroe's dependence on alcohol and prescription
medications began to take a toll on her health, and friends such as Susan
Strasberg later spoke of her illness. Her divorce from Arthur Miller was
finalized in January 1961, with Monroe citing "incompatibility of
character," and in February she voluntarily entered the Payne Whitney
Psychiatric Clinic. Monroe later described the experience as a "nightmare".
She was able to phone Joe DiMaggio from the clinic, and he immediately traveled
from Florida to New York to facilitate her transfer to the Columbia Presbyterian
Medical Center. She remained there for three weeks. Illness prevented her from
working for the remainder of the year; she underwent surgery to correct a
blockage in her Fallopian tubes in May, and the following month underwent gall
bladder surgery. She returned to California and lived in a rented apartment
as she convalesced.

Something's Got to Give
In 1962 Monroe began filming Something's Got to Give, which was to be the third
film of her four-film contract with 20th Century Fox. It was to be directed by
George Cukor, and co-starred Dean Martin and Cyd Charisse. She was ill with a
virus as filming commenced, and suffered from high temperatures and recurrent
sinusitis. On one occasion she refused to perform with Martin as he had a cold,
and the producer Henry Weinstein recalled seeing her on several occasions being
physically ill as she prepared to film her scenes, and attributed it to her
dread of performing. He commented, "Very few people experience terror. We all
experience anxiety, unhappiness, heartbreaks, but that was sheer primal
terror."
On May 19, 1962, she attended the birthday celebration of President John F.
Kennedy at Madison Square Garden, at the suggestion of Kennedy's brother-in-law,
actor Peter Lawford. Monroe performed "Happy Birthday" along with a specially
written verse based on Bob Hope's "Thanks for the Memory". Kennedy responded to
her performance with the remark, "Thank you. I can now retire from politics
after having had 'Happy Birthday' sung to me in such a sweet, wholesome
way."
Monroe returned to the set of Something's Got to Give and filmed a sequence in
which she appeared nude in a swimming pool. Commenting that she wanted to "push
Liz Taylor off the magazine covers," she gave permission for several partially
nude photographs to be published by Life. Having only reported for work on
twelve occasions out of a total of 35 days of production, Monroe was
dismissed. The studio 20th Century Fox filed a lawsuit against her for half a
million dollars, and the studio's vice president, Peter Levathes, issued a
statement saying "The star system has gotten way out of hand. We've let the
inmates run the asylum, and they've practically destroyed it." Monroe was
replaced by Lee Remick, and when Dean Martin refused to work with any other
actress, he was also threatened with a lawsuit.

New directions
Following her dismissal, Monroe engaged in several high-profile publicity
ventures. She gave an interview to Cosmopolitan and was photographed at Peter
Lawford's beach house sipping champagne and walking on the beach. She next
posed for Bert Stern for Vogue in a series of photographs that included several
nudes. Published after her death, they became known as 'The Last Sitting'.
Richard Meryman interviewed her for Life, in which Monroe reflected upon her
relationship with her fans and her uncertainties in identifying herself as a
"star" and a "sex symbol." She referred to the events surrounding Arthur
Miller's appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1956,
and her studio's warning that she would be "finished" if she showed public
support for him, and commented, "You have to start all over again. But I believe
you're always as good as your potential. I now live in my work and in a few
relationships with the few people I can really count on. Fame will go by, and,
so long, I've had you fame. If it goes by, I've always known it was fickle. So
at least it's something I experienced, but that's not where I live."
In the final weeks of her life, Monroe engaged in discussions about future film
projects, and firm arrangements were made to continue negotiations. Among
the projects was a biography of Jean Harlow later filmed unsuccessfully with
Carroll Baker. Starring roles in Billy Wilder's Irma La Douce and What a
Way to Go! were also discussed; Shirley MacLaine eventually played the roles in
both films. Kim Novak replaced her in Kiss Me, Stupid, a comedy in which she was
to star opposite Dean Martin. A film version of the Broadway musical, A Tree
Grows In Brooklyn, and an unnamed World War I “themed musical co-starring Gene
Kelly were also discussed, but the projects did not occur. Her dispute with
20th Century Fox was resolved, and her contract renewed into a $1 million
two-picture deal, and filming of Something's Got to Give was scheduled to resume
in early fall 1962. Also on the table was an Italian film offer worth several
million giving her script, director and co-star approval. Allan "Whitey"
Snyder who saw her during the last week of her life, said Monroe was pleased by
the opportunities available to her, and that she "never looked better was
in great spirits."

Death and aftermath
The crypt of Marilyn MonroeOn August 5, 1962, LAPD police sergeant Jack Clemmons
received a call at 4:25 a.m. from Dr. Ralph Greenson, Monroe's psychiatrist,
proclaiming that Monroe was found dead at her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles,
California. She was 36 years old. At the subsequent autopsy, eight
milligram percent of Chloral Hydrate and 4.5 milligram percent of Nembutal were
found in her system, and Dr. Thomas Noguchi of the Los Angeles County
Coroners office recorded cause of death as "acute barbiturate poisoning,"
resulting from a "probable suicide". Many theories, including murder,
circulated about the circumstances of her death and the timeline after the body
was found. Some conspiracy theories involved John and Robert Kennedy, while
other theories suggested CIA or Mafia complicity.
On August 8, 1962, Monroe was interred in a crypt at Corridor of Memories #24,
at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles. Lee
Strasberg delivered the eulogy. The crypt space immediately to the left of
Monroe's was bought and reserved by Hugh Hefner in 1992.
In August 2009, the crypt space directly above that of Monroe was placed for
auction on eBay. Elsie Poncher plans to exhume her husband and move him to
an adjacent plot. She advertised the crypt, hoping "to make enough money to pay
off the $1.6 million mortgage" on her Beverly Hills mansion. The winning
bid was placed by an anonymous Japanese man for $4.6 million, but the
winning bidder later backed out "because of the paying problem".

Administration of estate
Monroe's Brentwood home (1992)In her will, Monroe left Lee Strasberg her
personal effects, which amounted to just over half of her residuary estate,
expressing her desire that he "distribute among my friends,
colleagues and those to whom I am devoted." Instead, Strasberg stored them
in a warehouse, and willed them to his widow, Anna. Mrs. Strasberg successfully
sued Los Angeles-based Odyssey Auctions in 1994 to prevent the sale of items
consigned by the nephew of Monroe's business manager, Inez Melson. In October
1999, Christie's auctioned the bulk of Monroe's effects, including those
recovered from Melson's nephew, netting US $13,405,785.
Mrs. Strasberg then sued the children of four photographers to determine rights
of publicity, which permits the licensing of images of deceased personages for
commercial purposes. The decision as to whether Monroe was a resident of
California, where she died and where her will was probated, or New York,
which she considered her primary residence, was worth millions.
On 4 May 2007, a New York judge ruled that Monroe's rights of publicity ended at
her death. In October 2007, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
signed Senate Bill 771. The legislation was supported by Anna Strasberg
and the Screen Actors Guild, and established that non-family members may
inherit rights of publicity through the residuary clause of the deceased's will,
provided that the person was a resident of California at the time of death.

In March 2008, the United States District Court in Los Angeles ruled that Monroe
was a resident of New York at the time of her death, citing the statement of the
executor of her estate to California tax authorities, and a 1966 sworn affidavit
by her housekeeper. The decision was reaffirmed by the United States
District Court of New York in September 2008. In 2010, Monroe's Brentwood
home was put up for sale by Prudential California Realty.

Personal life
Monroe had three marriages, first to James Dougherty, then to Joe DiMaggio, and
lastly Arthur Miller. It was also widely rumored that she had had an affair with
President John F. Kennedy, his brother Senator Robert Kennedy, or both. Marlon
Brando, in his autobiography Songs My Mother Taught Me, also claimed that he had
had a relationship with her.

James Dougherty
Monroe married James Dougherty on June 19, 1942, at the home of Chester Howell
in Los Angeles. In The Secret Happiness of Marilyn Monroe and To Norma Jeane
with Love, Jimmie, he claimed they were in love, but dreams of stardom lured her
away. In 1953, he wrote a piece called "Marilyn Monroe Was My Wife" for
Photoplay, in which he claimed that she threatened to jump off the Santa Monica
Pier if he left her. In the 2004 documentary Marilyn's Man, Dougherty made three
new claims: that he invented the "Marilyn Monroe" persona; studio executives
forced her to divorce him; and that he was her true love and her "dedicated
friend for life."
Dougherty's actions seem to contradict these claims: he remarried months after
Monroe divorced him; his sister told the December 1952 Modern Screen Magazine
that he left Monroe because she wanted to pursue modeling, after he initially
gave her permission to do so; he confirmed Monroe's version of the beginning of
their relationship in an A&E Network Monroe documentary that his mother had
asked him to marry her so that she would not be returned to an orphanage. On
Monroe's death, August 5, 1962, one of the responding officers who knew Jim
Dougherty phoned him at 4:00 a.m. with the news. Dougherty turned to his wife
and said, "Say a prayer for Norma Jean. She's dead." Most telling, on August 6,
The New York Times reported that, on being informed of her death, Dougherty
replied "I'm sorry" and continued his LAPD patrol. He did not attend Monroe's
funeral.

Joe DiMaggio
Joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe staying at Imperial Hotel in Tokyo on their
honeymoon.In 1951, Joe DiMaggio saw a picture of Monroe with Chicago White Sox
players Joe Dobson and Gus Zernial, but did not ask the man who arranged the
stunt to set up a date until 1952. Monroe wrote in My Story that she did not
want to meet him, fearing a stereotypical jock. They eloped at San Francisco
City Hall on January 14, 1954. During their honeymoon in Japan, she was asked to
visit Korea as part of the USO. She performed ten shows in four days for over
100,000 servicemen.
Maury Allen quoted New York Yankees PR man Arthur Richman that Joe told him that
the marriage went wrong from then. On September 14, 1954, Monroe filmed the
famed skirt-blowing scene for The Seven Year Itch in front of New York's
Trans-Lux Theater. Bill Kobrin, then Fox's east coast correspondent, told the
Palm Springs Desert Sun in 1956 that it was Billy Wilder's idea to turn the
shoot into a media circus, and that the couple had a "yelling battle" in the
theater lobby. She filed for divorce on grounds of mental cruelty 274 days
after the wedding.
In February 1961, Monroe was admitted to the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic.
She contacted DiMaggio, who secured her release. She later joined him in
Florida, where he was serving as a batting coach at the New York Yankees'
training camp. Bob Hope jokingly dedicated Best Song nominee The Second Time
Around to them at the 1961 Academy Awards.
According to Allen, on August 1, 1962, DiMaggio“ alarmed by how Monroe had
fallen in with people he considered detrimental to her well-being“ quit his job
with a PX supplier to ask her to remarry him.
After Monroe's death, DiMaggio claimed her body and arranged her funeral. For 20
years, he had a half-dozen red roses delivered to her crypt three times a week.
In 2006, DiMaggio's adopted granddaughters auctioned the bulk of his estate,
which featured two letters Monroe penned to him and a photograph signed "I love
you, Joe, Marilyn."

Arthur Miller
On June 29, 1956, Monroe married playwright Arthur Miller, whom she first met in
1950, in a civil ceremony in White Plains, New York. City Court Judge Seymour D.
Robinowitz presided over the hushed ceremony in the law office of Sam Slavitt
(the wedding had been kept secret from both the press and the public). Monroe
and Miller wed again two days later in a Jewish ceremony before a small group of
guests. Rabbi Robert E. Goldburg, a Reform rabbi at Congregation Mishkan Israel,
presided over the ceremony. Their nuptials were celebrated at the home of
Miller's literary agent, Kay Brown, in Westchester County, NY. Some 30 friends
and relatives attended the hastily arranged party. Less than two weeks after the
wedding, the Millers flew to London, where they were greeted at Parkside House
by Laurence Olivier and wife Vivien Leigh. Marilyn created chaos among the
normally staid British press. In reflecting on his courtship of Monroe, Miller
wrote, "She was a whirling light to me then, all paradox and enticing mystery,
street-tough one moment, then lifted by a lyrical and poetic sensitivity that
few retain past early adolescence." Nominally raised as a Christian, she
converted to Judaism before marrying Miller. After she
finished shooting The Prince and the Showgirl with Laurence Olivier, the couple
returned to the United States from England and discovered she was pregnant. Tony
Curtis, her co-star from Some Like It Hot, claims he got Marilyn pregnant during
their on-off affair that was rekindled during the filming of Some Like It Hot in
1959, while she was still married to Arthur Miller.
Miller's screenplay for The Misfits, a story about a despairing divorcÃ©e, was
meant to be a Valentine gift for his wife, but by the time filming started in
1960 their marriage was beyond repair. A Mexican divorce was granted on January
24, 1961 in Ciudad Juarez by Francisco Jose Gomez Fraire. On February 17, 1962,
Miller married Inge Morath, one of the Magnum photographers recording the making
of The Misfits.
In January 1964, Miller's play After The Fall opened, featuring a beautiful and
devouring shrew named Maggie. Simone Signoret noted in her autobiography the
morbidity of Miller and Elia Kazan resuming their professional association "over
a casket." In interviews and in his autobiography, Miller insisted that Maggie
was not based on Monroe. However, he never pretended that his last
Broadway-bound work, Finishing the Picture, was not based on the making of The
Misfits. He appeared in the documentary The Century of the Self, lamenting the
psychological work being done on her before her death.

The Kennedys
From President Kennedy's birthday gala where Monroe sang "Happy Birthday, Mr.
President".On May 19, 1962, Monroe made her last significant public appearance,
singing "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" at a birthday party for President John
F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden. The dress that she wore to the event,
specially designed and made for her by Jean Louis, sold at an auction in 1999
for USD $1.26 million.
Rumors have existed since the 1960s that Monroe had affairs with Robert Kennedy
or John Kennedy, or both. Allegations of an affair with President Kennedy
did not make it into the mainstream press until the 1970s, but a pamphlet was
published in 1964, after Monroe's death, entitled The Strange Death of Marilyn
Monroe, by investigator Frank Cappell. It alleged a relationship between Monroe
and Bobby Kennedy. JFK's reputed mistress Judith Exner, in her 1977
autobiography, also wrote about an affair that she said the president and Monroe
had.
Journalist Anthony Summers examines the issue of Monroe's relationships with the
Kennedy brothers at length in two books: his 1993 biography of FBI Director J.
Edgar Hoover, entitled Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar
Hoover, and his 1985 biography of Monroe, entitled Goddess. In the Hoover book,
Summers concludes that Monroe was in love with President Kennedy and wanted to
marry him in the early 1960s; that she called the White House frequently; and
that, when the married President had to break off their affair, Monroe became
even more depressed, and then turned to Robert Kennedy, who may have visited
Monroe in Los Angeles about the time that she died.
Patricia Seaton Lawford, the fourth wife of actor Peter Lawford, also deals with
the Monroe-Kennedy matters in her 1988 biography of Peter Lawford, entitled The
Peter Lawford Story. Lawford's first wife was Patricia Kennedy Lawford, the
sister of John and Robert; Lawford was very close to the Kennedy family for over
a decade, including the time of Monroe's death.

Psychoanalysis
Monroe had a long experience with psychoanalysis. She was in analysis with
Margaret Herz Hohenberg, Anna Freud, Marianne Rie Kris, Ralph S. Greenson (who
found Monroe dead), and Milton Wexler.

Filmography
YearTitleRoleDirector
1947Dangerous YearsEvieArthur Pierson
1948Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!Betty (uncredited)Hugh Herbert
Ladies of the Chorus Peggy MartinPhil Karlson
1949Love Happy Grunion's Client (uncredited)David Miller
1950A Ticket to TomahawkClara (uncredited)Richard Sale
Right CrossDusky Ledoux (uncredited)John Sturges
The FireballPollyTay Garnett
The Asphalt JungleAngela PhinlayJohn Huston
All About EveMiss Claudia CaswellJoseph L. Mankiewicz
1951Love NestRoberta Stevens Joseph M. Newman
Let's Make It LegalJoyce ManneringRichard Sale
Home Town StoryIris Martin Arthur Pierson
As Young as You Feel HarrietHarman Jones
1952O. Henry's Full HouseStreetwalkerHenry Koster
Monkey BusinessLois LaurelHoward Hawks
Clash by Night Peggy Fritz Lang
We're Not Married!Anabel NorrisEdmund Goulding
Don't Bother to Knock Nell ForbesRoy Baker
195 Niagara Rose Loomis Henry Hathaway
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Lorelei LeeHoward Hawks
How to Marry a Millionaire Pola Debevoise Jean Negulesco
1954 River of No ReturnKay Weston Otto Preminger
There's No Business Like Show BusinessVickyWalter Lang
1955 The Seven Year ItchThe GirlBilly Wilder
1956 Bus Stop Charie Joshua Logan
1957 The Prince and the Showgirl Elsie Marina Laurence Olivier
1959 Some Like It Hot Sugar Kane Kowalczy kBilly Wilder
1960 Let's Make Love Amanda DellGeorge Cukor
1961 The Misfits Roslyn TaberJohn Huston
1962 Something's Got to Give (Unfinished)Ellen Wagstaff ArdenGeorge Cukor

Songs
1948
Ladies of the Chorus :
"Every Baby Needs A Da Da Daddy," "Anyone Can See I Love You," "Ladies Of The
Chorus"
1953
Niagara: "Kiss"
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes:
"Two Little Girls From Little Rock," "When Love Goes Wrong," "Bye Bye Baby,"
"Diamonds are Forever ( Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend)"
1954
River of No Return: "I'm Gonna File My Claim," "One Silver Dollar," "Down In
The Meadow," "River Of No Return"
There's No Business Like Show Business: "Heatwave," "Lazy," "After You Get
What You Want," "A Man Chases a Girl"
1956
Bus Stop: "That Old Black Magic"
1959
Some Like It Hot: "Runnin' Wild," "I Wanna Be Loved By You," "I'm Through With
Love"
1960
Let's Make Love: "My Heart Belongs To Daddy," "Specialization," "Let's Make
Love"
1962 "Happy Birthday Mr. President"

Awards and nominations
1951 Henrietta Awards: The Best Young Box Office Personality
1952 Photoplay Award: Fastest Rising Star of 1952
1952 Photoplay Award: Special Award
1952 Look American Magazine Achievement Award: Most Promising Female Newcomer
of 1952
1953 Golden Globe Henrietta Award: World Film Favorite Female.
1953 Sweetheart of The Month (Playboy)
1953 Photoplay Award: Most Popular Female Star
1954 Photoplay Award for Best Actress: for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to
Marry a Millionaire
1956 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Seven Year Itch

1956 Golden Globe nomination: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical
for Bus Stop
1958 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the
Showgirl
1958 David di Donatello Award (Italian): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince
and the Showgirl
1959 Crystal Star Award (French): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the
Showgirl
1960 Golden Globe, Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Some
Like It Hot
1962 Golden Globe, World Film Favorite: Female
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 6104 Hollywood Blvd.
1999 she was ranked as the sixth greatest female star of all time by the
American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars.

Gisele Bundchen Top Model Cover Magazine

2012-01-20T16:18:00.001-08:00

Gisele Bundchen Top Model Cover Magazine, originally uploaded by Victoria´s Secret Fashion Show.